C123 W6 P Lipids
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Title Slide
Topic: Biochemistry
Presented by: Kevin L. De Guzman, MPA, MAEd, LPT, EdD
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Name Slide
Presenter: Kevin L. De Guzman
Class: Slide Deck Presentation Prepared By Lipids
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Overview of Lipids
Four major classes of bioorganic substances: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.
Lipids: Fats store chemical energy, insulate organs, and form cell membranes.
Types of lipids: Phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol (functions as hormones).
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Classification of Fatty Acids
Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA): 2-4 carbons
Medium Chain Fatty Acids (MCFA): 6-12 carbons
Long Chain Fatty Acids (LCFA): 14-18 carbons
Types:
Saturated
Monounsaturated
Polyunsaturated (Omega-6, Omega-3)
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Types of Lipids
Simple lipids: Esters of fatty acids with various alcohols.
Compound lipids: Esters of fatty acids with other groups.
Examples: Fats, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids.
Derived lipids: Result from hydrolysis of simple and compound lipids.
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Lipid Components
Categories of lipids:
Glycerides
Nonglyceride lipids
Waxes
Sphingolipids
Steroids
Lipoproteins
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Types of Lipids Continued
Saponifiable Lipids: Can be hydrolyzed (e.g., triglycerides, waxes).
Non-saponifiable Lipids: Cannot be hydrolyzed (e.g., steroids, terpenes).
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Lipid Definition
Lipid: Organic compound found in living organisms; insoluble in water; soluble in nonpolar solvents.
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Structures of Lipids
Fat structures, biological wax, steroid, glycerophospholipid, and sphingophospholipid structures depicted.
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Categories of Lipids by Function
Energy-storage lipids (triacylglycerols)
Membrane lipids (phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol)
Emulsification lipids (bile acids)
Messenger lipids (steroid hormones, eicosanoids)
Protective-coating lipids (biological waxes)
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Fatty Acids Overview
Fatty acid: Naturally occurring monocarboxylic acid.
Characterized as long-chain (C12-C26), medium-chain (C8-C10), short-chain (C4-C6).
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Phospholipid Structure
Structural and space-filling models of phospholipid showing hydrophilic (polar) head and hydrophobic (nonpolar) tail.
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Saturated vs Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Fatty acids classified based on carbon-carbon double bonds:
Saturated (SFAs)
Monounsaturated (MUFAs)
Polyunsaturated (PUFAs)
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Saturated Fatty Acids
All carbon–carbon bonds in saturated fatty acids are single bonds.
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Monounsaturated Fatty Acids
Contain one carbon–carbon double bond; usually in cis configuration.
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Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Contain two or more double bonds; can have up to six double bonds.
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Omega Fatty Acids
Omega-3 Fatty Acids:
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3)
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5)
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6)
Omega-6 Fatty Acids:
Linoleic acid (LA, C18:2)
Arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4)
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Omega-3 Explanation
Defined by the placement of the last double bond three carbons from the methyl end.
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Omega-6 Explanation
Defined by the placement of the last double bond six carbons from the methyl end.
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Selected Fatty Acids
Overview of various saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with structural notation and common names.
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Fatty Acids Classification Exercise
Identify type designation (SFA, MUFA, PUFA), numerical shorthand, and omega family for given structures.
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Physical Properties of Fatty Acids
Water solubility decreases with carbon chain length; short-chain fatty acids have slight solubility.
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Melting Points of Fatty Acids
Melting points increase with carbon chain length due to greater surface area and intermolecular attraction.
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Energy Storage in Lipids
Triacylglycerols: Primary energy-storage material in adipose tissues.
More efficient at energy storage than glycogen.
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Triacylglycerol Formation
Formation through esterification of glycerol and three fatty acids; produces water.
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Triacylglycerol Definition
Lipid formed by esterifying three fatty acids to glycerol.
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Structural Representation
Overview of the structural reaction of glycerol and fatty acids in triacylglycerol formation.
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Triacylglycerol Drawing Task
Draw structures for triacylglycerols formed from glycerol and myristic/lactic acids.
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Fats and Oils
Solid (fat) vs liquid (oil) at room temperature; differences based on source and physical state.
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Fatty Acid Composition
Fats primarily consist of saturated fatty acids; oils contain higher amounts of unsaturated fatty acids.
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Fat Properties
Fats remain semi-solid in warm body conditions; differ in sensory properties from oils due to processing.
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Good Fats vs Bad Fats
Dietary fat impact on health: Include limits on total fat intake.
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Fat Type Effects
Saturated fats are typically associated with negative health effects.
Monounsaturated fats may reduce disease risk; polyunsaturated fats can vary in effect.
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Omega-3 and Omega-6 Comparison
Different dietary effects: Inuit diet high in omega-3 vs U.S. diet high in omega-6.
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Omega-3 and Omega-6 Sources
List of food sources for omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.
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Functions of Omega Fatty Acids
Discusses functions and food sources for various omega fatty acids.
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Omega-3 Fish Content
Per serving content of omega-3s in various fish (e.g., mackerel, salmon).
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Essential Fatty Acids
Linoleic and linolenic acids: Essential for human metabolism; must be obtained from diet.
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Fatty Acids Effects
Lack of essential fatty acids may lead to skin issues, infections, and growth problems.
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Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids
Importance in membrane structure and eicosanoid production.
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Arachidonic Acid Role
Key component for eicosanoids, involved in blood regulation and other functions.
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EPA and DHA Importance
Critical in brain and retina structure/function; influence development and health.
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Triacylglycerol Reactions
Types of reactions: Hydrolysis, saponification, hydrogenation, oxidation.
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Hydrolysis of Triacylglycerols
Reverse reaction of esterification; results in glycerol and fatty acids.
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Hydrolysis Reaction Example
Questions about hydrolysis of specific triacylglycerol.
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Saponification Overview
Alkaline reaction producing glycerol and fatty acid salts; occurs in two steps.
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Steps of Saponification
Hydrolysis followed by acid-base reaction to produce soap.
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Soap Production
Historical context and modern methods for soap making.
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Hydrogenation
Reaction process increasing saturation through addition of hydrogen, affecting melting point.
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Hydrogenation Reaction Diagram
Depicts conversion of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids through hydrogenation.
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Oxidation of Fatty Acids
Oxidation produces aldehydes and carboxylic acids, leading to rancid fats.
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Antioxidants Usage
Importance of antioxidants to prevent oxidation; examples include vitamins C and E.
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Reactions Characterization Task
Task to characterize hydrolysis, saponification, and hydrogenation products of triacylglycerol.
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Membrane Lipids
Membrane structures consist mainly of lipids; include phospholipids, sphingoglycolipids, and cholesterol.
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Phospholipid Composition
Components: Fatty acids, phosphate group, platform molecule, alcohol.
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Lipid Types
Glycerophospholipid vs sphingophospholipid in terms of structure.
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Glycerophospholipid Structure
Describes glycerophospholipid with two fatty acids and phosphate attached to glycerol.
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Sphingophospholipids
Structure involving sphingosine and one fatty acid attached.
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Sphingoglycolipids
Contains a carbohydrate component linked to sphingosine and one fatty acid.
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Cholesterol Overview
Structure and function of cholesterol as a vital membrane lipid.
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Cholesterol Structure
Description of cholesterol’s unique features as a steroid lipid.
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Cholesterol Facts
Abundance and importance in human biosystems; dietary sources listed.
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Cell Membranes
Composition and function of plasma membrane; lipid bilayer structure.
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Lipid Bilayer Architecture
Structure of lipid bilayer: polar heads and nonpolar tails arrangement.
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Bilayer Thickness
Thinness of lipid bilayer and its structural components.
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Cell Membrane Transport
Overview of transport mechanisms across cell membranes (passive, facilitated, active).
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Passive Transport
Movement across membranes without energy; types include diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
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Active Transport
Movement against concentration gradient requiring energy, mediated by pumps.
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Transport Mechanisms Summary
Comparison chart of passive and active transport definitions.
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Transport Method Comparison
Visual distinctions between passive, facilitated, and active transport.
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Bile Acids as Emulsifiers
Function of bile acids in lipid absorption via emulsification.
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Chemical Structure of Bile Acids
Differences between bile acids and cholesterol and their roles in digestion.
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Bile Acid Structures
Structural representation of various bile acids.
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Steroid Hormones
Function and types of steroid hormones as regulatory messengers in the body.
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Sex Hormones
Established groups of sex hormones and their roles in human development.
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Functions of Sex Hormones
Roles of estrogen, androgen, and progestin in physiological processes.
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Natural vs Synthetic Hormones
Examples of natural and synthetic steroid hormones.
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Adrenocorticoids Overview
Types and functions of adrenocorticoid hormones produced by adrenal glands.
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Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids
Descriptions of their regulation in the body (Na+/K+ balance, glucose metabolism).
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Eicosanoids Function
Overview of eicosanoids as messenger lipids with diverse physiological roles.
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Types of Eicosanoids
Structures of key eicosanoids like prostaglandins and thromboxanes.
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Prostaglandins Overview
Functions and regulatory roles of prostaglandins in human physiology.
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Thromboxanes Function
Roles of thromboxanes in promoting blood clot formation.
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Leukotrienes Function
Describes leukotrienes and their involvement in inflammation and immune responses.
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Types of White Blood Cells
Summary of different types of leukocytes and their immune functions.
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Biological Waxes
Definition and characteristics of biological waxes, their composition, and uses.
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Wax Applications
Various uses of natural waxes (e.g., carnauba, lanolin).
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Mineral vs Biological Waxes
Differences and applications of mineral waxes versus biological waxes.
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Summary of Lipid Functions
Types of lipids organized by their functional roles in the body.