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Title Slide

• Topic: Biochemistry

• Presented by: Kevin L. De Guzman, MPA, MAEd, LPT, EdD

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Name Slide

• Presenter: Kevin L. De Guzman

• Class: Slide Deck Presentation Prepared By Lipids

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Overview of Lipids

• Four major classes of bioorganic substances: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

• Lipids: Fats store chemical energy, insulate organs, and form cell membranes.

• Types of lipids: Phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol (functions as hormones).

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Classification of Fatty Acids

• Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA): 2-4 carbons

• Medium Chain Fatty Acids (MCFA): 6-12 carbons

• Long Chain Fatty Acids (LCFA): 14-18 carbons

• Types:

  • Saturated

  • Monounsaturated

  • Polyunsaturated (Omega-6, Omega-3)

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Types of Lipids

• Simple lipids: Esters of fatty acids with various alcohols.

• Compound lipids: Esters of fatty acids with other groups.

  • Examples: Fats, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids.

• Derived lipids: Result from hydrolysis of simple and compound lipids.

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Lipid Components

• Categories of lipids:

  • Glycerides

  • Nonglyceride lipids

    • Waxes

    • Sphingolipids

    • Steroids

    • Lipoproteins

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Types of Lipids Continued

• Saponifiable Lipids: Can be hydrolyzed (e.g., triglycerides, waxes).

• Non-saponifiable Lipids: Cannot be hydrolyzed (e.g., steroids, terpenes).

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Lipid Definition

• Lipid: Organic compound found in living organisms; insoluble in water; soluble in nonpolar solvents.

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Structures of Lipids

• Fat structures, biological wax, steroid, glycerophospholipid, and sphingophospholipid structures depicted.

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Categories of Lipids by Function

1. Energy-storage lipids (triacylglycerols)

2. Membrane lipids (phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol)

3. Emulsification lipids (bile acids)

4. Messenger lipids (steroid hormones, eicosanoids)

5. Protective-coating lipids (biological waxes)

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Fatty Acids Overview

• Fatty acid: Naturally occurring monocarboxylic acid.

• Characterized as long-chain (C12-C26), medium-chain (C8-C10), short-chain (C4-C6).

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Phospholipid Structure

• Structural and space-filling models of phospholipid showing hydrophilic (polar) head and hydrophobic (nonpolar) tail.

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Saturated vs Unsaturated Fatty Acids

• Fatty acids classified based on carbon-carbon double bonds:

  • Saturated (SFAs)

  • Monounsaturated (MUFAs)

  • Polyunsaturated (PUFAs)

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Saturated Fatty Acids

• All carbon–carbon bonds in saturated fatty acids are single bonds.

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Monounsaturated Fatty Acids

• Contain one carbon–carbon double bond; usually in cis configuration.

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Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

• Contain two or more double bonds; can have up to six double bonds.

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Omega Fatty Acids

• Omega-3 Fatty Acids:

  • Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3)

  • Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5)

  • Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6)

• Omega-6 Fatty Acids:

  • Linoleic acid (LA, C18:2)

  • Arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4)

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Omega-3 Explanation

• Defined by the placement of the last double bond three carbons from the methyl end.

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Omega-6 Explanation

• Defined by the placement of the last double bond six carbons from the methyl end.

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Selected Fatty Acids

• Overview of various saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with structural notation and common names.

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Fatty Acids Classification Exercise

• Identify type designation (SFA, MUFA, PUFA), numerical shorthand, and omega family for given structures.

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Physical Properties of Fatty Acids

• Water solubility decreases with carbon chain length; short-chain fatty acids have slight solubility.

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Melting Points of Fatty Acids

• Melting points increase with carbon chain length due to greater surface area and intermolecular attraction.

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Energy Storage in Lipids

• Triacylglycerols: Primary energy-storage material in adipose tissues.

• More efficient at energy storage than glycogen.

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Triacylglycerol Formation

• Formation through esterification of glycerol and three fatty acids; produces water.

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Triacylglycerol Definition

• Lipid formed by esterifying three fatty acids to glycerol.

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Structural Representation

• Overview of the structural reaction of glycerol and fatty acids in triacylglycerol formation.

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Triacylglycerol Drawing Task

• Draw structures for triacylglycerols formed from glycerol and myristic/lactic acids.

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Fats and Oils

• Solid (fat) vs liquid (oil) at room temperature; differences based on source and physical state.

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Fatty Acid Composition

• Fats primarily consist of saturated fatty acids; oils contain higher amounts of unsaturated fatty acids.

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Fat Properties

• Fats remain semi-solid in warm body conditions; differ in sensory properties from oils due to processing.

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Good Fats vs Bad Fats

• Dietary fat impact on health: Include limits on total fat intake.

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Fat Type Effects

• Saturated fats are typically associated with negative health effects.

• Monounsaturated fats may reduce disease risk; polyunsaturated fats can vary in effect.

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Omega-3 and Omega-6 Comparison

• Different dietary effects: Inuit diet high in omega-3 vs U.S. diet high in omega-6.

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Omega-3 and Omega-6 Sources

• List of food sources for omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.

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Functions of Omega Fatty Acids

• Discusses functions and food sources for various omega fatty acids.

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Omega-3 Fish Content

• Per serving content of omega-3s in various fish (e.g., mackerel, salmon).

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Essential Fatty Acids

• Linoleic and linolenic acids: Essential for human metabolism; must be obtained from diet.

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Fatty Acids Effects

• Lack of essential fatty acids may lead to skin issues, infections, and growth problems.

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Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids

• Importance in membrane structure and eicosanoid production.

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Arachidonic Acid Role

• Key component for eicosanoids, involved in blood regulation and other functions.

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EPA and DHA Importance

• Critical in brain and retina structure/function; influence development and health.

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Triacylglycerol Reactions

• Types of reactions: Hydrolysis, saponification, hydrogenation, oxidation.

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Hydrolysis of Triacylglycerols

• Reverse reaction of esterification; results in glycerol and fatty acids.

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Hydrolysis Reaction Example

• Questions about hydrolysis of specific triacylglycerol.

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Saponification Overview

• Alkaline reaction producing glycerol and fatty acid salts; occurs in two steps.

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Steps of Saponification

• Hydrolysis followed by acid-base reaction to produce soap.

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Soap Production

• Historical context and modern methods for soap making.

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Hydrogenation

• Reaction process increasing saturation through addition of hydrogen, affecting melting point.

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Hydrogenation Reaction Diagram

• Depicts conversion of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids through hydrogenation.

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Oxidation of Fatty Acids

• Oxidation produces aldehydes and carboxylic acids, leading to rancid fats.

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Antioxidants Usage

• Importance of antioxidants to prevent oxidation; examples include vitamins C and E.

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Reactions Characterization Task

• Task to characterize hydrolysis, saponification, and hydrogenation products of triacylglycerol.

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Membrane Lipids

• Membrane structures consist mainly of lipids; include phospholipids, sphingoglycolipids, and cholesterol.

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Phospholipid Composition

• Components: Fatty acids, phosphate group, platform molecule, alcohol.

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Lipid Types

• Glycerophospholipid vs sphingophospholipid in terms of structure.

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Glycerophospholipid Structure

• Describes glycerophospholipid with two fatty acids and phosphate attached to glycerol.

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Sphingophospholipids

• Structure involving sphingosine and one fatty acid attached.

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Sphingoglycolipids

• Contains a carbohydrate component linked to sphingosine and one fatty acid.

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Cholesterol Overview

• Structure and function of cholesterol as a vital membrane lipid.

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Cholesterol Structure

• Description of cholesterol’s unique features as a steroid lipid.

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Cholesterol Facts

• Abundance and importance in human biosystems; dietary sources listed.

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Cell Membranes

• Composition and function of plasma membrane; lipid bilayer structure.

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Lipid Bilayer Architecture

• Structure of lipid bilayer: polar heads and nonpolar tails arrangement.

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Bilayer Thickness

• Thinness of lipid bilayer and its structural components.

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Cell Membrane Transport

• Overview of transport mechanisms across cell membranes (passive, facilitated, active).

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Passive Transport

• Movement across membranes without energy; types include diffusion and facilitated diffusion.

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Active Transport

• Movement against concentration gradient requiring energy, mediated by pumps.

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Transport Mechanisms Summary

• Comparison chart of passive and active transport definitions.

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Transport Method Comparison

• Visual distinctions between passive, facilitated, and active transport.

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Bile Acids as Emulsifiers

• Function of bile acids in lipid absorption via emulsification.

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Chemical Structure of Bile Acids

• Differences between bile acids and cholesterol and their roles in digestion.

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Bile Acid Structures

• Structural representation of various bile acids.

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Steroid Hormones

• Function and types of steroid hormones as regulatory messengers in the body.

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Sex Hormones

• Established groups of sex hormones and their roles in human development.

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Functions of Sex Hormones

• Roles of estrogen, androgen, and progestin in physiological processes.

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Natural vs Synthetic Hormones

• Examples of natural and synthetic steroid hormones.

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Adrenocorticoids Overview

• Types and functions of adrenocorticoid hormones produced by adrenal glands.

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Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids

• Descriptions of their regulation in the body (Na+/K+ balance, glucose metabolism).

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Eicosanoids Function

• Overview of eicosanoids as messenger lipids with diverse physiological roles.

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Types of Eicosanoids

• Structures of key eicosanoids like prostaglandins and thromboxanes.

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Prostaglandins Overview

• Functions and regulatory roles of prostaglandins in human physiology.

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Thromboxanes Function

• Roles of thromboxanes in promoting blood clot formation.

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Leukotrienes Function

• Describes leukotrienes and their involvement in inflammation and immune responses.

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Types of White Blood Cells

• Summary of different types of leukocytes and their immune functions.

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Biological Waxes

• Definition and characteristics of biological waxes, their composition, and uses.

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Wax Applications

• Various uses of natural waxes (e.g., carnauba, lanolin).

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Mineral vs Biological Waxes

• Differences and applications of mineral waxes versus biological waxes.

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Summary of Lipid Functions

• Types of lipids organized by their functional roles in the body.