Global Regents review
Scientific Revolution
Questioning Traditional Ideas
Challenging established scientific beliefs
Transition from geocentric to heliocentric models of the universe
Opposition from the Church to new scientific theories
Key Figures and Discoveries
Copernicus and the heliocentric model
Galileo's telescopic observations
Isaac Newton's Laws of Gravity
Development of the Scientific Method for systematic problem-solving
Enlightenment
Age of Reason
Questioning traditional government structures
Advocacy for natural rights and consent of the governed
Philosophers and Ideas
John Locke's concept of natural rights: Life, Liberty, Property
Montesquieu's theory of Separation of Powers
Voltaire's emphasis on Freedom of Thought and Expression
Rousseau's Social Contract theory
French Revolution
Causes and Events
Social inequality among the three estates
Tax burden on the Third Estate
Declaration of Rights of Man and of Citizen
Reign of Terror under Jacobins
Napoleon and Congress of Vienna
Napoleon's rise through a coup d'etat
Establishment of the French Empire and Napoleonic Code
Congress of Vienna's aim to restore pre-Revolution conditions
Principles of Balance of Powers, Legitimacy, and Conservatism
Industrial Revolution
Transformation and Impact
Shift from hand production to mechanized factories
Urbanization and population movement to cities
Influence of Adam Smith's capitalism and laissez-faire economics
Karl Marx's critique of capitalism and advocacy for communism
World War I
Causes like militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism
Technological advancements in warfare
Treaty of Versailles and its impact on Germany
Formation of the League of Nations for international peacekeeping
World War II (1939-1945)
Rise of Fascism
Characterized by extreme militarism, nationalism, and loyalty to a dictator
Rooted in economic hardship in Germany and Italy post-World War I
Hitler and Mussolini were prominent fascist leaders
Appeasement involved giving in to demands to maintain peace
Military Invasions
Germany invaded Poland, Italy attacked Ethiopia, and Japan invaded China
Resulted in the rise of fascist leaders like Hitler, Mussolini, and Tojo
Led to the failure of European economies and the onset of the Great Depression
Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh conditions on Germany
Key Events
Pearl Harbor attack by Japan led to the U.S. entry into the war
D-Day marked a turning point with the Allies invading Normandy, France
Holocaust resulted in genocide, particularly targeting Jews
Nuremberg Trials held individuals accountable for crimes against humanity
Aftermath and Impact
Formation of the United Nations for international peacekeeping
Cold War emerged between the U.S. and Soviet Union
Containment policy aimed to stop the spread of Communism
End of World War II set the stage for the division of Germany and the Iron Curtain
Cold War (1945-1991)
Superpowers and Ideologies
U.S. and Soviet Union emerged as dominant powers
Conflict between Capitalism/Democracy and Communism/Dictatorship
Domino Theory feared the spread of Communism to other nations
Space and Arms Races heightened tensions
Key Events and Conflicts
Cuban Missile Crisis brought the U.S. and USSR to the brink of nuclear war
Korean War as a proxy conflict divided along the 38th Parallel
Vietnam War showcased the failure of containment policy
Détente marked a period of easing Cold War tensions
End of the Cold War
Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms led to the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991
Nationalism in former Soviet Republics sparked ethnic conflicts
Satellite Nations in Eastern Europe were dominated by the USSR
Alliances like NATO and Warsaw Pact defined the geopolitical landscape
Modern Conflicts
Middle East and OPEC
OPEC aimed to control oil prices and maintain high profits
Persian Gulf War saw Iraq invade Kuwait, leading to international intervention
Iran's nuclear program raised concerns globally
Arab Spring uprisings called for democratic reforms in the Middle East
Latin American Independence Movements
Influenced by Enlightenment ideals and revolutions in America and France
Leaders like Toussaint L'Ouverture, Simon Bolivar, and Jose de San Martin led movements
Resulted in the independence of various South American nations from colonial powers
Signified a shift towards nationalism and self-governance in Latin America
Mexican Revolution
Causes
Porfirio Diaz's dictatorship favored wealthy and foreign investors
Oppression of the landless, uneducated, and poor
Presence of British, Dutch, and French possessions
Key Figures
Emiliano Zapata - Revolutionary figure
Francisco Pancho Villa - Prominent revolutionary leader
Effects
Constitution of 1917 established
Land reform initiatives implemented
Guaranteed certain rights to the populace
Cuban Revolution
Political Context
Oppression under Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship
Fidel Castro's communist ideology and opposition to Batista
Revolutionary Actions
Castro's organization of a successful guerilla army
Peasants' support for Castro
Transition of Cuba to a Communist regime
Results
Establishment of a Communist government in Cuba
Indian Independence Movement
Colonial Rule
India's official colonization by Great Britain
Exploitation of Indian resources and labor
Nationalist Movements
Indian National Congress' goal of independence
Formation of the Muslim League to protect Muslim interests
Key Leaders
Mohandas Gandhi - Leader of the independence movement, advocate of nonviolence
Jawaharlal Nehru - First Prime Minister of independent India
Japanese Modernization and Imperialism
Meiji Restoration
Westernization and modernization of Japan
Industrialization and the need for natural resources
Imperial Expansion
Japan's imperialism for resources and markets
Wars like Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese conflicts
WWII and Aftermath
Japan's involvement in WWII, including Pearl Harbor
Consequences of atomic bombings on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Post-war developments like the occupation and economic growth
Scientific Revolution
Questioning Traditional Ideas
Challenging established scientific beliefs
Transition from geocentric to heliocentric models of the universe
Opposition from the Church to new scientific theories
Key Figures and Discoveries
Copernicus and the heliocentric model
Galileo's telescopic observations
Isaac Newton's Laws of Gravity
Development of the Scientific Method for systematic problem-solving
Enlightenment
Age of Reason
Questioning traditional government structures
Advocacy for natural rights and consent of the governed
Philosophers and Ideas
John Locke's concept of natural rights: Life, Liberty, Property
Montesquieu's theory of Separation of Powers
Voltaire's emphasis on Freedom of Thought and Expression
Rousseau's Social Contract theory
French Revolution
Causes and Events
Social inequality among the three estates
Tax burden on the Third Estate
Declaration of Rights of Man and of Citizen
Reign of Terror under Jacobins
Napoleon and Congress of Vienna
Napoleon's rise through a coup d'etat
Establishment of the French Empire and Napoleonic Code
Congress of Vienna's aim to restore pre-Revolution conditions
Principles of Balance of Powers, Legitimacy, and Conservatism
Industrial Revolution
Transformation and Impact
Shift from hand production to mechanized factories
Urbanization and population movement to cities
Influence of Adam Smith's capitalism and laissez-faire economics
Karl Marx's critique of capitalism and advocacy for communism
World War I
Causes like militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism
Technological advancements in warfare
Treaty of Versailles and its impact on Germany
Formation of the League of Nations for international peacekeeping
World War II (1939-1945)
Rise of Fascism
Characterized by extreme militarism, nationalism, and loyalty to a dictator
Rooted in economic hardship in Germany and Italy post-World War I
Hitler and Mussolini were prominent fascist leaders
Appeasement involved giving in to demands to maintain peace
Military Invasions
Germany invaded Poland, Italy attacked Ethiopia, and Japan invaded China
Resulted in the rise of fascist leaders like Hitler, Mussolini, and Tojo
Led to the failure of European economies and the onset of the Great Depression
Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh conditions on Germany
Key Events
Pearl Harbor attack by Japan led to the U.S. entry into the war
D-Day marked a turning point with the Allies invading Normandy, France
Holocaust resulted in genocide, particularly targeting Jews
Nuremberg Trials held individuals accountable for crimes against humanity
Aftermath and Impact
Formation of the United Nations for international peacekeeping
Cold War emerged between the U.S. and Soviet Union
Containment policy aimed to stop the spread of Communism
End of World War II set the stage for the division of Germany and the Iron Curtain
Cold War (1945-1991)
Superpowers and Ideologies
U.S. and Soviet Union emerged as dominant powers
Conflict between Capitalism/Democracy and Communism/Dictatorship
Domino Theory feared the spread of Communism to other nations
Space and Arms Races heightened tensions
Key Events and Conflicts
Cuban Missile Crisis brought the U.S. and USSR to the brink of nuclear war
Korean War as a proxy conflict divided along the 38th Parallel
Vietnam War showcased the failure of containment policy
Détente marked a period of easing Cold War tensions
End of the Cold War
Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms led to the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991
Nationalism in former Soviet Republics sparked ethnic conflicts
Satellite Nations in Eastern Europe were dominated by the USSR
Alliances like NATO and Warsaw Pact defined the geopolitical landscape
Modern Conflicts
Middle East and OPEC
OPEC aimed to control oil prices and maintain high profits
Persian Gulf War saw Iraq invade Kuwait, leading to international intervention
Iran's nuclear program raised concerns globally
Arab Spring uprisings called for democratic reforms in the Middle East
Latin American Independence Movements
Influenced by Enlightenment ideals and revolutions in America and France
Leaders like Toussaint L'Ouverture, Simon Bolivar, and Jose de San Martin led movements
Resulted in the independence of various South American nations from colonial powers
Signified a shift towards nationalism and self-governance in Latin America
Mexican Revolution
Causes
Porfirio Diaz's dictatorship favored wealthy and foreign investors
Oppression of the landless, uneducated, and poor
Presence of British, Dutch, and French possessions
Key Figures
Emiliano Zapata - Revolutionary figure
Francisco Pancho Villa - Prominent revolutionary leader
Effects
Constitution of 1917 established
Land reform initiatives implemented
Guaranteed certain rights to the populace
Cuban Revolution
Political Context
Oppression under Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship
Fidel Castro's communist ideology and opposition to Batista
Revolutionary Actions
Castro's organization of a successful guerilla army
Peasants' support for Castro
Transition of Cuba to a Communist regime
Results
Establishment of a Communist government in Cuba
Indian Independence Movement
Colonial Rule
India's official colonization by Great Britain
Exploitation of Indian resources and labor
Nationalist Movements
Indian National Congress' goal of independence
Formation of the Muslim League to protect Muslim interests
Key Leaders
Mohandas Gandhi - Leader of the independence movement, advocate of nonviolence
Jawaharlal Nehru - First Prime Minister of independent India
Japanese Modernization and Imperialism
Meiji Restoration
Westernization and modernization of Japan
Industrialization and the need for natural resources
Imperial Expansion
Japan's imperialism for resources and markets
Wars like Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese conflicts
WWII and Aftermath
Japan's involvement in WWII, including Pearl Harbor
Consequences of atomic bombings on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Post-war developments like the occupation and economic growth