Scientific Revolution

Questioning Traditional Ideas

Challenging established scientific beliefs

Transition from geocentric to heliocentric models of the universe

Opposition from the Church to new scientific theories

Key Figures and Discoveries

Copernicus and the heliocentric model

Galileo's telescopic observations

Isaac Newton's Laws of Gravity

Development of the Scientific Method for systematic problem-solving

Enlightenment

Age of Reason

Questioning traditional government structures

Advocacy for natural rights and consent of the governed

Philosophers and Ideas

John Locke's concept of natural rights: Life, Liberty, Property

Montesquieu's theory of Separation of Powers

Voltaire's emphasis on Freedom of Thought and Expression

Rousseau's Social Contract theory

French Revolution

Causes and Events

Social inequality among the three estates

Tax burden on the Third Estate

Declaration of Rights of Man and of Citizen

Reign of Terror under Jacobins

Napoleon and Congress of Vienna

Napoleon's rise through a coup d'etat

Establishment of the French Empire and Napoleonic Code

Congress of Vienna's aim to restore pre-Revolution conditions

Principles of Balance of Powers, Legitimacy, and Conservatism

Industrial Revolution

Transformation and Impact

Shift from hand production to mechanized factories

Urbanization and population movement to cities

Influence of Adam Smith's capitalism and laissez-faire economics

Karl Marx's critique of capitalism and advocacy for communism

World War I

Causes like militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism

Technological advancements in warfare

Treaty of Versailles and its impact on Germany

Formation of the League of Nations for international peacekeeping

World War II (1939-1945)

Rise of Fascism

Characterized by extreme militarism, nationalism, and loyalty to a dictator

Rooted in economic hardship in Germany and Italy post-World War I

Hitler and Mussolini were prominent fascist leaders

Appeasement involved giving in to demands to maintain peace

Military Invasions

Germany invaded Poland, Italy attacked Ethiopia, and Japan invaded China

Resulted in the rise of fascist leaders like Hitler, Mussolini, and Tojo

Led to the failure of European economies and the onset of the Great Depression

Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh conditions on Germany

Key Events

Pearl Harbor attack by Japan led to the U.S. entry into the war

D-Day marked a turning point with the Allies invading Normandy, France

Holocaust resulted in genocide, particularly targeting Jews

Nuremberg Trials held individuals accountable for crimes against humanity

Aftermath and Impact

Formation of the United Nations for international peacekeeping

Cold War emerged between the U.S. and Soviet Union

Containment policy aimed to stop the spread of Communism

End of World War II set the stage for the division of Germany and the Iron Curtain

Cold War (1945-1991)

Superpowers and Ideologies

U.S. and Soviet Union emerged as dominant powers

Conflict between Capitalism/Democracy and Communism/Dictatorship

Domino Theory feared the spread of Communism to other nations

Space and Arms Races heightened tensions

Key Events and Conflicts

Cuban Missile Crisis brought the U.S. and USSR to the brink of nuclear war

Korean War as a proxy conflict divided along the 38th Parallel

Vietnam War showcased the failure of containment policy

Détente marked a period of easing Cold War tensions

End of the Cold War

Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms led to the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991

Nationalism in former Soviet Republics sparked ethnic conflicts

Satellite Nations in Eastern Europe were dominated by the USSR

Alliances like NATO and Warsaw Pact defined the geopolitical landscape

Modern Conflicts

Middle East and OPEC

OPEC aimed to control oil prices and maintain high profits

Persian Gulf War saw Iraq invade Kuwait, leading to international intervention

Iran's nuclear program raised concerns globally

Arab Spring uprisings called for democratic reforms in the Middle East

Latin American Independence Movements

Influenced by Enlightenment ideals and revolutions in America and France

Leaders like Toussaint L'Ouverture, Simon Bolivar, and Jose de San Martin led movements

Resulted in the independence of various South American nations from colonial powers

Signified a shift towards nationalism and self-governance in Latin America

Mexican Revolution

Causes

Porfirio Diaz's dictatorship favored wealthy and foreign investors

Oppression of the landless, uneducated, and poor

Presence of British, Dutch, and French possessions

Key Figures

Emiliano Zapata - Revolutionary figure

Francisco Pancho Villa - Prominent revolutionary leader

Effects

Constitution of 1917 established

Land reform initiatives implemented

Guaranteed certain rights to the populace

Cuban Revolution

Political Context

Oppression under Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship

Fidel Castro's communist ideology and opposition to Batista

Revolutionary Actions

Castro's organization of a successful guerilla army

Peasants' support for Castro

Transition of Cuba to a Communist regime

Results

Establishment of a Communist government in Cuba

Indian Independence Movement

Colonial Rule

India's official colonization by Great Britain

Exploitation of Indian resources and labor

Nationalist Movements

Indian National Congress' goal of independence

Formation of the Muslim League to protect Muslim interests

Key Leaders

Mohandas Gandhi - Leader of the independence movement, advocate of nonviolence

Jawaharlal Nehru - First Prime Minister of independent India

Japanese Modernization and Imperialism

Meiji Restoration

Westernization and modernization of Japan

Industrialization and the need for natural resources

Imperial Expansion

Japan's imperialism for resources and markets

Wars like Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese conflicts

WWII and Aftermath

Japan's involvement in WWII, including Pearl Harbor

Consequences of atomic bombings on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Post-war developments like the occupation and economic growth