Cellular Respiration

Mind Map: Cellular Respiration

Central Idea

  • Cellular Respiration

Main Branches

  1. Aerobic Respiration
  2. Anaerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
  • Occurs in the presence of oxygen
  • Includes three stages:   * Glycolysis   * Krebs Cycle   * Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis
  • Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
  • Glucose is broken down into pyruvate
  • Produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH
Krebs Cycle
  • Occurs in the mitochondria
  • Pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide
  • Produces 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2
Electron Transport Chain
  • Occurs in the mitochondria
  • NADH and FADH2 are used to produce ATP
  • Produces 32-34 ATP
Anaerobic Respiration
  • Occurs in the absence of oxygen
  • Includes two types:   * Alcoholic Fermentation   * Lactic Acid Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation
  • Occurs in yeast and some bacteria
  • Pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide
  • Produces 2 ATP
Lactic Acid Fermentation
  • Occurs in muscle cells and some bacteria
  • Pyruvate is converted into lactic acid
  • Produces 2 ATP

Conclusion

  • Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose into ATP, the energy currency of the cell.

  • Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen and produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration, which occurs in the absence of oxygen.

  • Also known as the citric acid cycle

  • Takes place in the mitochondria

  • Converts pyruvate into energy (ATP)

  • Involves a series of chemical reactions

  • Produces NADH and FADH2

  • Generates carbon dioxide as a waste product

  • Essential for aerobic respiration

  • Can be inhibited by toxins or lack of oxygen

  • Named after Sir Hans Krebs, who discovered it in 1937

  • Involves enzymes such as citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and succinate dehydrogenaseglyc

  # Glycolysis   * Central Idea: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH in the process.

  ## Main Branches

     1. Energy Investment Phase      * Glucose Activation      * Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Formation      * Cleavage of Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate   2. Energy Generation Phase      * Oxidation of Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate      * Substrate-level Phosphorylation      * Pyruvate Formation

  ## Sub-branches

  ### Energy Investment Phase

     1. Glucose Activation      * Glucose phosphorylation      * Hexokinase enzyme      * ATP consumption   2. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Formation      * Fructose-6-phosphate to Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate      * Phosphofructokinase enzyme      * ATP consumption   3. Cleavage of Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate      * Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to 2 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate      * Aldolase enzyme

  ### Energy Generation Phase

     1. Oxidation of Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate      * Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate      * Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme      * NADH production   2. Substrate-level Phosphorylation      * 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate      * Phosphoglycerate kinase enzyme      * ATP production   3. Pyruvate Formation      * Phosphoenolpyruvate to Pyruvate      * Pyruvate kinase enzyme      * ATP production

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