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Cellular Respiration

Mind Map: Cellular Respiration

Central Idea

  • Cellular Respiration

Main Branches

  1. Aerobic Respiration
  2. Anaerobic Respiration

Aerobic Respiration

  • Occurs in the presence of oxygen
  • Includes three stages:
    • Glycolysis
    • Krebs Cycle
    • Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis
  • Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
  • Glucose is broken down into pyruvate
  • Produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH
Krebs Cycle
  • Occurs in the mitochondria
  • Pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide
  • Produces 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2
Electron Transport Chain
  • Occurs in the mitochondria
  • NADH and FADH2 are used to produce ATP
  • Produces 32-34 ATP

Anaerobic Respiration

  • Occurs in the absence of oxygen
  • Includes two types:
    • Alcoholic Fermentation
    • Lactic Acid Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation
  • Occurs in yeast and some bacteria
  • Pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide
  • Produces 2 ATP
Lactic Acid Fermentation
  • Occurs in muscle cells and some bacteria
  • Pyruvate is converted into lactic acid
  • Produces 2 ATP

Conclusion

  • Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose into ATP, the energy currency of the cell.

  • Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen and produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration, which occurs in the absence of oxygen.

  • Also known as the citric acid cycle

  • Takes place in the mitochondria

  • Converts pyruvate into energy (ATP)

  • Involves a series of chemical reactions

  • Produces NADH and FADH2

  • Generates carbon dioxide as a waste product

  • Essential for aerobic respiration

  • Can be inhibited by toxins or lack of oxygen

  • Named after Sir Hans Krebs, who discovered it in 1937

  • Involves enzymes such as citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and succinate dehydrogenaseglyc

    Glycolysis

    • Central Idea: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH in the process.

    Main Branches

    1. Energy Investment Phase
    • Glucose Activation
    • Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Formation
    • Cleavage of Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
    1. Energy Generation Phase
    • Oxidation of Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
    • Substrate-level Phosphorylation
    • Pyruvate Formation

    Sub-branches

    Energy Investment Phase

    1. Glucose Activation
    • Glucose phosphorylation
    • Hexokinase enzyme
    • ATP consumption
    1. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Formation
    • Fructose-6-phosphate to Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
    • Phosphofructokinase enzyme
    • ATP consumption
    1. Cleavage of Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
    • Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to 2 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
    • Aldolase enzyme

    Energy Generation Phase

    1. Oxidation of Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
    • Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
    • Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme
    • NADH production
    1. Substrate-level Phosphorylation
    • 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate
    • Phosphoglycerate kinase enzyme
    • ATP production
    1. Pyruvate Formation
    • Phosphoenolpyruvate to Pyruvate
    • Pyruvate kinase enzyme
    • ATP production

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