Mind Map: Cellular Respiration

Central Idea

• Cellular Respiration

Main Branches

1. Aerobic Respiration

2. Anaerobic Respiration

Aerobic Respiration

• Occurs in the presence of oxygen

• Includes three stages:

  • Glycolysis

  • Krebs Cycle

  • Electron Transport Chain

Glycolysis

• Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell

• Glucose is broken down into pyruvate

• Produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH

Krebs Cycle

• Occurs in the mitochondria

• Pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide

• Produces 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2

Electron Transport Chain

• Occurs in the mitochondria

• NADH and FADH2 are used to produce ATP

• Produces 32-34 ATP

Anaerobic Respiration

• Occurs in the absence of oxygen

• Includes two types:

  • Alcoholic Fermentation

  • Lactic Acid Fermentation

Alcoholic Fermentation

• Occurs in yeast and some bacteria

• Pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide

• Produces 2 ATP

Lactic Acid Fermentation

• Occurs in muscle cells and some bacteria

• Pyruvate is converted into lactic acid

• Produces 2 ATP

Conclusion

• Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose into ATP, the energy currency of the cell.

• Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen and produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration, which occurs in the absence of oxygen.

• Also known as the citric acid cycle

• Takes place in the mitochondria

• Converts pyruvate into energy (ATP)

• Involves a series of chemical reactions

• Produces NADH and FADH2

• Generates carbon dioxide as a waste product

• Essential for aerobic respiration

• Can be inhibited by toxins or lack of oxygen

• Named after Sir Hans Krebs, who discovered it in 1937

• Involves enzymes such as citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and succinate dehydrogenaseglyc

  Glycolysis

  • Central Idea: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH in the process.

  Main Branches

  1. Energy Investment Phase

     • Glucose Activation

     • Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Formation

     • Cleavage of Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

  2. Energy Generation Phase

     • Oxidation of Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

     • Substrate-level Phosphorylation

     • Pyruvate Formation

  Sub-branches

  Energy Investment Phase

  1. Glucose Activation

     • Glucose phosphorylation

     • Hexokinase enzyme

     • ATP consumption

  2. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Formation

     • Fructose-6-phosphate to Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

     • Phosphofructokinase enzyme

     • ATP consumption

  3. Cleavage of Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

     • Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to 2 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

     • Aldolase enzyme

  Energy Generation Phase

  1. Oxidation of Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

     • Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

     • Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme

     • NADH production

  2. Substrate-level Phosphorylation

     • 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate

     • Phosphoglycerate kinase enzyme

     • ATP production

  3. Pyruvate Formation

     • Phosphoenolpyruvate to Pyruvate

     • Pyruvate kinase enzyme

     • ATP production

  o