Cellular Respiration

Mind Map: Cellular Respiration

Central Idea

• Cellular Respiration

Main Branches

1. Aerobic Respiration
2. Anaerobic Respiration

Aerobic Respiration

• Occurs in the presence of oxygen
• Includes three stages:
  • Glycolysis
  • Krebs Cycle
  • Electron Transport Chain

Glycolysis

• Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
• Glucose is broken down into pyruvate
• Produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH

Krebs Cycle

• Occurs in the mitochondria
• Pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide
• Produces 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2

Electron Transport Chain

• Occurs in the mitochondria
• NADH and FADH2 are used to produce ATP
• Produces 32-34 ATP

Anaerobic Respiration

• Occurs in the absence of oxygen
• Includes two types:
  • Alcoholic Fermentation
  • Lactic Acid Fermentation

Alcoholic Fermentation

• Occurs in yeast and some bacteria
• Pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide
• Produces 2 ATP

Lactic Acid Fermentation

• Occurs in muscle cells and some bacteria
• Pyruvate is converted into lactic acid
• Produces 2 ATP

Conclusion

• Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose into ATP, the energy currency of the cell.

• Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen and produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration, which occurs in the absence of oxygen.

• Also known as the citric acid cycle

• Takes place in the mitochondria

• Converts pyruvate into energy (ATP)

• Involves a series of chemical reactions

• Produces NADH and FADH2

• Generates carbon dioxide as a waste product

• Essential for aerobic respiration

• Can be inhibited by toxins or lack of oxygen

• Named after Sir Hans Krebs, who discovered it in 1937

• Involves enzymes such as citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and succinate dehydrogenaseglyc

  Glycolysis

  • Central Idea: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH in the process.

  Main Branches

  1. Energy Investment Phase
  • Glucose Activation
  • Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Formation
  • Cleavage of Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
  1. Energy Generation Phase
  • Oxidation of Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
  • Substrate-level Phosphorylation
  • Pyruvate Formation

  Sub-branches

  Energy Investment Phase

  1. Glucose Activation
  • Glucose phosphorylation
  • Hexokinase enzyme
  • ATP consumption
  1. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Formation
  • Fructose-6-phosphate to Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
  • Phosphofructokinase enzyme
  • ATP consumption
  1. Cleavage of Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
  • Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to 2 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
  • Aldolase enzyme

  Energy Generation Phase

  1. Oxidation of Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
  • Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
  • Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme
  • NADH production
  1. Substrate-level Phosphorylation
  • 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate
  • Phosphoglycerate kinase enzyme
  • ATP production
  1. Pyruvate Formation
  • Phosphoenolpyruvate to Pyruvate
  • Pyruvate kinase enzyme
  • ATP production

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