chapter 9

The Division of Labor and the Factory:
 Whether at home, or a factory, work became more rote and

efficient by doing _________________________ (assembly line)  Seen in slaughterhouses – PORKOPOLIS! – and shoe

factories
 The Textile Industry and British Competition:

 The British government ____________________ mechanics and machines to leave Britain
 Samuel Slater – emigrated to America in _____________
 American and British Advantages:
-  US had a tremendous amount of ___________________ ______________________
-  US instituted ______________ on foreign goods
-  Britain had a large _________________ (cheap labor)
 Better Machines, Cheaper Workers
-  US improved on British machines
-  Lowell System – farmers’ daughters that worked in
  _________________
   Lived in housing provided by employers –
  _______________________________________  Many saw greater ________________________
   American Mechanics and Technological Innovation:
   US patents increased drastically between 1820 and 1860  ______________________:
-  ________________________ (1793) – separated cotton from its seeds
-  _________________________________ – used for guns, applied to other areas
   Products became more abundant and ________________  Wageworkers and the Labor Movement:
   Free Workers Form Unions:
   Unions formed to _____________ with employers
   Early American law viewed unions as ______________
   Labor Ideology:
   Commonwealth v. Hunt (1837) Massachusetts State
  Supreme Court decision that declared unions _________  More symbolic at the time
  The Market Revolution
   What is it?
   Change in labor systems, population, and transportation
   Greatly affected the ____________________________________
   The Transportation Revolution Forges Regional Ties:
   ________________________________________ made up large

What does subsidize mean?

portion of immigrants

 National Road (Cumberland, MD – Vandalia, Il) was funded by
the ____________________ government
 Canals and Steamboats Shrink Distance:
-  Erie Canal – Albany to Buffalo – and beyond via Great Lakes and rivers
-  Canals and roads changed the _____________________ landscape of US
-  Other canals emerged connecting more of America together
-  State governments _______________________ canals
 Railroads Link the North and Midwest:
-  Livestock and wheat were transported between the two regions
-  Inventions that helped farmers – ___________________ ____________________ and Deere’s _______________
-  The South did not invest in manufacturing, relied on ______________________________________________
   The Growth of Cities and Towns:
   The Market Revolution increased the number of cities and towns  Cities emerged as trading and _____________________ centers:
   __________________, Buffalo, Pittsburgh, Chicago, etc. New Social Classes and Cultures
   Impacts of the Market and Industrial Revolutions?
   Larger houses, better clothes, cheaper products, distinct
  _________________________________________  The Business Elite:
   Prior to the Revolutions, social classes regularly interacted and dressed similar
-  After, the wealthy dressed in finer clothing, had ____________________________________________
-  Employers and employees worked alongside each other less
   The Middle Class:
   Farmers, merchants, lawyers, etc. made up this emerging group
   30% of the population in the 1840s in the ____________  Wives bought books, pianos, etc.
   Middle-class children received a __________________________
   _________________________________  Urban Workers and the Poor:

 Poor workers were especially hit hard during economic downturns
 _______________ would often work to help provide for families  The Benevolent Empire:

 Religious movement to reduce ___________________________
 Encouraged governments to ban carnivals
 Improved society by creating homes for ___________________
_________________________ for those with mental illnesses
 ______________________ played a large role in this movement
 Many laborers resisted this movement, especially laws

restricting activities on _______________________

 Charles Grandison Finney: Revivalism and Reform:
 Played an instrumental role in the _________________  Evangelical Beliefs:

 Preached individuals had ________________________ – anyone could be saved
 Resonated with wealthy individuals in WNY
 Poor and immigrants were not as affected  Temperance:
 American Temperance Society – 200,000 members
 People promised to abstain from __________________  Very influential
 Immigration and Cultural Conflict:
 “___________________________” – Germans and Irish  Irish Poverty:
 Irish ____________________________ – settled in cities in Northeast, Catholics, tended to vote Democrat
 Nativism:
 Dislike/distrust of ___________________
 Many Protestants feared the power of the Pope