Chapter 1:

AFTER READING THIS LESSON I SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

• Explain the importance of exercise science as it relates to enhancing our understanding of health, physical activity, exercise, sport, and athletic performance.

• Identify the different disciplines, subdisciplines, and specialty areas of exercise science, and describe how they relate to exercise science.

• Describe the key highlights in the historical development of exercise science.

• Identify the key influential accomplishments of the American College of Sports Medicine for promoting exercise science.

• Recognize the general and advanced undergraduate coursework necessary for a career in an exercise science or health care profession.

NOTES:

• Health Conditions that are linked to a lack of physical activity and exercise

  • high blood pressure

  • type 2 diabetes

  • cardiovascular disease

  • osteoporosis

  • certain forms of cancer

  • depression

  • anxiety

• Health: complete, physical, mental, and social well-being; no disease

• Morbidity: the possibility of a disease occuring.

• Mortality: rate of death in a population

• Early sports and athletic competitions included: wrestling and running.

• Exercise science is important:

  • in promoting individual population health

  • physical activity

  • exercise

  • supports successful performance in sport and athletic competition.

• Examples of exercise science professionals:

  • exercise and clinical exercise physiologists

  • athletic trainers

  • sports medicine physicians

  • exercise and sport nutritionists

  • clinical and sport biomechanists

  • exercise and sport psychologists

  • motor behavior specialists

• Physical Activity: movement activities of daily living.

• Exercise: structured movement process that helps improve or maintain fitness and health.

• Sport and athletic competition: movement in structure and organized activities that has a competitive nature.

What is Exercise Science:

• Exercise Science: study of various aspects of physical activity, exercise, sport and athletic performance.

  • it includes: behavioral, functional, nutritional, physiological, psychological and structural adaptations to movement.

Areas of Study in Exercise Science:

• Disciplines: they have specific bodies of knowledge; ex: biology, chemistry, and mathematics.

• Exercise science in the textbook does not seems to identify or choose to be identified with the term of a dicipline.

Exercise Science as a Field of Study:

• Physical Education: how a body of knowledge can be developed to help individuals be better prepared as teachers, manage classroom environments, and enhance student interaction and socialization, improve instruction, enhance movement skill acquisition, improve health, and increase physical activity; what exercise science started off as but it has now broaden its horizons.

• Areas of study by students and professionals in exercise science:

  • exercise physiology = focuses on responses of the whole body, or specific systems to physical activity, exercise sport, and athletic competition.

  • clinical exercise physiology = using movement, physical activity, and exercise in the identification, prevention and rehabilitation of disease conditions.

  • athletic training and sports medicine = prevention of injuries, treatment and rehabilitation of exercise, sport and athletic injuries.

  • exercise and sport nutrition = nutritional based when preventing diseases. It also allows for improvement of sport and athletic performance.

  • exercise and sport psychology = based on the psychological aspect of physical activity, exercise, sport, and athletic performance.

  • motor behavior = based on developing, learning, and controlling the body movements in ways that allows for health improvement of performance.

  • clinical and sport biomechanics = movement in disease and injury conditions, physical activity, exercise, sport, and athletic performance.

HISTORY OF EXERCISE SCIENCE:

Early Influences:

• greek scholars used to prescribe exercise in a scientific fashion.

• Sir John Floyer: observed and described the change in heart rate in response to moderate intensity walking

• James Keill: London physician; added to previous work on the muscular system by describing various aspects of muscle fiber size, structure, and contraction.

• Stephen Hales: first to make accurate measurements of blood pressure

• Daniel Bernoulli: calculated cardiac output.

• John Desaguliers: invented the first mechanical dynamometer that was used to assess muscular force and strength.

• Joseph-Clement Tissot : first to describe time location, intensity and duration of exercise on the physiologic process of the body.

• Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier & Pierre de Laplacr: discovered how the use oxygen is used to burn carbon in the body during physical work. They also led to the basic idea of energy transformation and the source of heat.

NINETEENTH-CENTURY INFLUENCES:

• During this period scientist were interested in: the importance of maintaining good health and how physical exertion and exercise affects the human body.

• 19th century experiments on: respiratory physiology, metabolism, and nutrition

• 1st experiments: how dietary intake and exercise influence the urinary system.

• the start of the 19th century: there begins to be a uprise in creating professional teams in both private schools and colleges.

• AAHPERD: American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance.

  • This would then become SHAPE: Society for Health and Physical Education.

Early Twentieth-Century Influences:

• two factors that furthered exercise science during the 20th century:

  • colleges & universities created specific health and physical activity classes to promote physical and emotional well-being of the whole person.

  • colleges & universities created programs of study in order to create coaches and education teachers.

• Dudley Allen Sargent: medical graduate of Yale, and was the director of the Hemenway Gymnasioum at Harvard University. He created an all inclusive system for:

  • individuaal exercise prescription using information from physical examiniations, muscular strenght assessments, and anthropometric measurements

  • some credit him to be the first personal trainer of the 20th century.

• George W. Fritz:

  • graduate from Harvard university

  • influenced by Sargent

  • developed theories and beliefs in exercise and its effect on human organism using physiological research.

  • he established the physiology lab at Harvard University; which then created the program of physical education

  • George Fritz: the “father of exercise physiology”

  • The lab focused on: clinical physiology, gerontology, nutrition, and physical fitness.

• Lawrence J. Henderson & David Bruce Dill: researchers in Harvard’s Lab of physiology.

• Steven M. Horvath:

  • student of Dill

  • started the institute for Environmental Stress in Univ. of California Santa Barbara.

• Laboratory for Physiological hygiene at the Univ. of Minnesota:

  • created by Ancel Keys

  • they worked to further the understanding of physical activity an exercise.

• Author Steinhaus:

  • founded the second lab devoted to the study of physiology, physical activity, and exercise in

LATE TWENTIETH-CENTURY INFLUENCES:

• World War 2: American did not do so well compared to their European counterparts in the standardized test created by Kraus-Weber.

• 1980s and 1990s: the field of exercise science continued to expand and increased the influence of physical activity, exercise, sport, and athletic performance.

• Health equity: there is no unfair advantages between people of different backgrounds when it comes to to access to things.

• American College of Sports Medicine: ACSM: the most effective when promoting and developing exercise science.

EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF THE ACSM:

• ACSM: American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation National Meeting.

  • this was created as a result from the general public and professionals in health exercise in order to research and find more information on the field of exercise science.

  • considered the world’s leader when it comes to exercise science

  • Position stand: the evidence based statement when it comes to the research found in a certain topic.

  • includes: rehabilitation and prevention

  • Medicine and Science in sports and exercise: their monthly publication that included the position stand the ACSM members had on certain things.

Chapter 12: will focus on career within the exercise and sports field.

Preparation for Careers in Health Care:

• undergraduate degree in exercise science allows the flexibility of course selection to fulfill the requirements necessary for entry into medical, chiropractic, or dental school, a physician assistant program, and physical or occupation therapy programs.

Foundational Recommendations for Continued Educational and Professional Development:

• Graduate Study

• Professional Study

• Certification/licensure

• Employment

Preparation for medical school:

• allopathic medicine

• osteopathic medicine

Preparation for Physical and Occupational Therapy:

• physical therapy (PT) and physical therapy assistant (PTA)