1302 History Unit 2 Test Review

🔹 Militarism – The buildup of military forces and arms races among nations.
🔹 Alliances – Agreements between nations to provide military support.
🔹 Imperialism – Competition for colonies intensified tensions.
🔹 Nationalism – Extreme national pride, causing rivalries and conflicts.
🔹 Franz Ferdinand – His assassination sparked WWI.
🔹 Central Powers – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire.
🔹 Allies – Britain, France, Russia, later joined by the U.S.

World War I Key Events

🔹 Trench Warfare – Defensive warfare using deep trenches, causing stalemates.
🔹 Submarines – Used by Germany (U-boats) to attack ships.
🔹 Lusitania – British passenger ship sunk by Germany, killing 128 Americans.
🔹 Unrestricted Submarine Warfare – German policy of sinking ships without warning.
🔹 Zimmerman Telegram – Germany tried to ally with Mexico against the U.S.
🔹 Bolshevik Revolution – Communist revolution in Russia; led to withdrawal from WWI.
🔹 John J. Pershing – Led the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) in WWI.
🔹 14 Points – Woodrow Wilson’s plan for peace after WWI.
🔹 Treaty of Versailles – Ended WWI; imposed harsh penalties on Germany.
🔹 League of Nations – International peace organization; U.S. did not join.

1920s: Political & Social Changes

🔹 18th Amendment – Prohibition of alcohol.
🔹 19th Amendment – Gave women the right to vote.
🔹 Bootleggers – Illegal alcohol sellers during Prohibition.
🔹 Al Capone – Notorious gangster involved in illegal liquor trade.
🔹 Sacco and Vanzetti – Italian anarchists convicted of murder amid anti-immigrant sentiment.
🔹 Marcus Garvey – Black nationalist; promoted the "Back to Africa" movement.
🔹 Harlem Renaissance – Cultural explosion of Black artists, writers, and musicians.
🔹 Louis Armstrong – Famous jazz musician of the Harlem Renaissance.
🔹 F. Scott Fitzgerald – Author of The Great Gatsby, depicting the 1920s.
🔹 Scopes Trial – Controversy over teaching evolution in schools.
🔹 George Herman "Babe" Ruth – Legendary baseball player.
🔹 Charles Lindbergh – First solo flight across the Atlantic.

The Great Depression & The New Deal

🔹 Stock Market Crash of 1929 – Beginning of the Great Depression.
🔹 Black Thursday – Stock market collapse on October 24, 1929.
🔹 Hoovervilles – Makeshift shantytowns for the homeless.
🔹 Good Neighbor Policy – FDR’s policy to improve relations with Latin America.
🔹 Brain Trust – FDR’s advisors who shaped the New Deal.
🔹 Franklin D. Roosevelt – U.S. President during the Great Depression & WWII.
🔹 Bonus Army – WWI veterans who marched for early payment of bonuses.
🔹 New Deal – FDR’s plan to combat the Great Depression.
🔹 Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) – Provided jobs in conservation work.
🔹 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) – Provided electricity and jobs to the South.
🔹 Social Security Act (1935) – Established retirement pensions.

World War II (WWII)

🔹 Adolf Hitler – Leader of Nazi Germany.
🔹 Fascism – Government system led by a dictator, emphasizing nationalism.
🔹 Benito Mussolini – Fascist leader of Italy.
🔹 Munich Conference – Britain & France appeased Hitler, allowing him to take Sudetenland.
🔹 Non-Aggression Pact – Agreement between Hitler & Stalin not to attack each other.
🔹 Blitzkrieg – “Lightning war” strategy used by Germany.
🔹 Dunkirk – Evacuation of Allied forces from France.
🔹 Battle of Britain – Air battle between Germany & Britain.
🔹 Lend-Lease Act – U.S. supplied Allies with weapons before entering WWII.
🔹 Pearl Harbor – Japanese attack on U.S. naval base (Dec 7, 1941); led to U.S. entering WWII.
🔹 Bataan Death March – Forced march of American & Filipino POWs by the Japanese.
🔹 General Douglas MacArthur – Led U.S. forces in the Pacific.
🔹 General Dwight D. Eisenhower – Led Allied forces in Europe.

World War II: U.S. Homefront & Major Battles

🔹 War Production Board – Managed wartime manufacturing.
🔹 Rosie the Riveter – Symbol of women working in factories during WWII.
🔹 Tuskegee Airmen – African American fighter pilots.
🔹 Executive Order 9066 – Forced relocation of Japanese Americans to internment camps.
🔹 Stalingrad – Turning point battle in the Soviet Union.
🔹 Tehran Conference – First meeting of Stalin, FDR, and Churchill.
🔹 Yalta Conference – Discussed post-war Europe and United Nations.
🔹 Potsdam Conference – Decided how to handle Germany after WWII.
🔹 Operation Overlord (D-Day) – Allied invasion of Normandy (June 6, 1944).
🔹 Battle of the Bulge – Last major German offensive.
🔹 Island Hopping – U.S. strategy to capture key Pacific islands.
🔹 Iwo Jima/Okinawa – Key battles in the Pacific; led to heavy casualties.
🔹 Josef Stalin – Soviet dictator during WWII.
🔹 Harry Truman – Became U.S. president after FDR’s death.
🔹 Manhattan Project – Secret U.S. project to develop the atomic bomb.
🔹 Hiroshima/Nagasaki – Cities destroyed by atomic bombs, leading to Japan’s surrender.