Untitled Flashcards Set

2. 1. Queen Nzinga: An Angolan queen who resisted Portuguese colonial expansion and slave trade in the 17th century.

3. Afonso I: A Kongolese king who initially cooperated with Portuguese traders but later protested against the slave trade.

4. Middle Passage: The brutal trans-Atlantic journey where enslaved Africans were transported to the Americas.

5. Engenho: Brazilian sugar plantations where enslaved people were forced to work under harsh conditions.

6. Capoeira: A martial art developed by enslaved Africans in Brazil disguised as a dance.

7. Voudon/Santeria: Syncretic religions combining African spiritual traditions with Catholic elements.

8. Maroons: Communities of escaped enslaved people who established independent settlements.

9. Quilombo: Brazilian communities formed by escaped enslaved people who created their own autonomous societies.

10. Olaudah Equiano: A formerly enslaved person who wrote influential memoirs supporting abolition.

Scientific Revolution

• Galen: Ancient Greek physician whose theory of four humors dominated medieval medicine.

• Ptolemy: Ancient astronomer who developed the geocentric model of the universe.

• Ibn Sina (Avicenna): Influential Persian physician and philosopher who advanced medical knowledge.

• Nicolaus Copernicus: Polish astronomer who proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system.

• Johannes Kepler: German astronomer who discovered planets move in elliptical orbits.

• Galileo Galilei: Italian scientist who improved the telescope and supported heliocentrism.

• Vesalius: Anatomist who revolutionized medical understanding through human dissection.

• William Harvey: Physician who discovered how blood circulates through the body.

• René Descartes: Philosopher who developed systematic doubt and the scientific method.

• Emilie du Chatelet: French scientist who translated and expanded Newton's work.

Enlightenment

• Louis XIV: French "Sun King" who exemplified absolute monarchy.

• Coffee Houses: Public spaces where people gathered to discuss ideas and news.

• Public Sphere: Social spaces where people could freely discuss and debate ideas.

• Philosophes: French Enlightenment thinkers who promoted reason and reform.

• Immanuel Kant: Philosopher who defined Enlightenment as emergence from self-imposed immaturity.

• Voltaire: French philosopher who advocated for religious tolerance and free speech.

• Cesare Beccaria: Italian philosopher who argued against torture and death penalty.

• Montesquieu: French philosopher who developed the concept of separation of powers.

• Rousseau: Philosopher who wrote about the social contract and popular sovereignty.

• Diderot: French philosopher who created the Encyclopédie to spread knowledge.

• Mary Wollstonecraft: English writer who advocated for women's rights and education.

Global Reform and Modernization

• Peter the Great: Russian tsar who forcibly modernized Russia along Western lines.

• Boyars: Russian nobles whose power Peter the Great curtailed.

• Catherine the Great: Russian empress who continued modernization while maintaining serfdom.

• Qing Dynasty: Last imperial dynasty of China, ruled by Manchus.

• Confucian Philosophy: Chinese ethical and philosophical system emphasizing social harmony and duty.

• Scholar Bureaucrats: Chinese officials who gained positions through civil service exams.

• Tokugawa Bakufu: Japanese military government that ruled from 1600-1868.

• Daimyo: Japanese feudal lords who controlled regional domains.

• Matthew Perry: American naval commander who forced Japan to open to foreign trade.

• Tanzimat Reforms: Ottoman modernization efforts in the 19th century.

Age of Revolutions

• Boston Tea Party: Colonial protest against British taxation without representation.

• Declaration of Independence: Document declaring American colonies free from British rule.

• Estates General: French representative assembly called in 1789 during financial crisis.

• National Assembly: Revolutionary French assembly that challenged royal authority.

• Declaration of Rights of Man: Document establishing basic rights in revolutionary France.

• Jacobins: Radical revolutionary group led by Robespierre.

• Reign of Terror: Period of violence and executions during French Revolution.

• Napoleon: French military leader who became emperor and spread revolutionary ideals.

• Congress of Vienna: Meeting of European powers to restore order after Napoleon's defeat.

• Toussaint L'Ouverture: Leader of the Haitian Revolution who helped end slavery.

• Conservatism: Political philosophy supporting traditional institutions and social hierarchy.

• Liberalism: Political philosophy advocating individual rights and constitutional government.

• Romanticism: Cultural movement emphasizing emotion, nature, and national identity.

• Miguel Hidalgo: Mexican priest who led an independence uprising against Spain.

• Simon Bolivar: Military leader who helped liberate multiple South American countries.

• Otto von Bismarck: Prussian leader who unified Germany through "blood and iron."

• Giuseppe Garibaldi: Military leader who helped unify Italy.

• Dreyfus Affair: French political scandal revealing anti-Semitism in French society.

• Theodor Herzl: Founder of modern political Zionism.

• Jim Crow Laws: Legal framework enforcing racial segregation in the American South.

Age of Industrialization

• Guilds: Medieval organizations controlling craft production and training.

• Mercantilism: Economic system promoting government regulation of trade for national wealth.

• Adam Smith: Economist who promoted free market capitalism and limited government intervention.

• Joint-stock companies: Business organizations where investors buy shares of ownership.

• Putting-out system: Pre-factory production where merchants distributed materials to home workers.

• Spinning Jenny: Machine that could spin multiple threads simultaneously.

• Luddites: Workers who destroyed machines threatening their traditional jobs.

• Robert Owen: Industrialist who created model industrial communities.

• Karl Marx: Political philosopher who developed communist theory.

• Factory Act: British law regulating working conditions and child labor.

New Imperialism

• Crystal Palace: London exhibition hall showcasing British industrial and imperial power.

• Maxim gun: Early machine gun giving Europeans military advantage in colonial conquest.

• Social Darwinism: Misuse of evolutionary theory to justify racial and social inequality.

• Sepoy Uprising: Indian rebellion against British East India Company rule.

• The Raj: Period of direct British rule over India.

• Treaty of Nanjing: Unequal treaty forcing China to open ports to British trade.

• Meiji Restoration: Period of rapid modernization in Japan.

• Cecil Rhodes: British imperialist who promoted expansion in Africa.

• Leopold II: Belgian king whose brutal rule of Congo caused millions of deaths.

• Manifest Destiny: Belief that American expansion across North America was inevitable and justified.