‘BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS:

1901 - Karl Landsteiner discovers A B and O blood types

1902 - Discovers AB blood type

Impact:

• Doctors realised patients could die if given wrong blood type

• Helped those with blood disorders eg. anaemia/leukaemia, liver problems or jaundice

Scientific/Technological Restrictions:

• blood donor had to be present for transfusion to be carried out

• hard to find donor of same blood group

• blood clotting when leaving body = tubes in transfusion could be blocked

IMPROVEMENTS IN SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE:

Impact of Pasteur and Koch:

• Koch use of agar jelly to grow cultures of bacteria

  • microorganism study made more accessible + easy

• Koch’s use of chemical dyes to stain bacteria

  • easier to see microorganisms w/ microscope

  • worked on by Paul Ehrlich to develop the first magic bullet

• Helped scientists understand causes of various diseases + develop vaccinations

  • Koch and Pasteur's work in the nineteenth century led to significant advancements in understanding the causes of diseases and the development of vaccinations. Some causes of various diseases discovered during this time include bacteria (such as tuberculosis and cholera) and viruses (such as rabies and smallpox). Vaccinations were developed for diseases like rabies, anthrax, and cholera based on their research

• Restricted impact - no new treatments available

• Developed bacteriology

DIPTHERIA = caused by microorganisms in milk, creates poisonous membrane in body, stops patient from breathing

• killed when milk pasteurised

• 19th century = killed 8000 children

• 1890 - Emil von Behring identified antitoxins produced by body which fought diptheria. Injected into body.

  • worked on by Ehrlich to create the first magic bullet

PAUL EHRLICH AND THE MAGIC BULLET:

Magic bullet = a treatment killing the disease-carrying microorganisms without affecting other cells in the body

• combination of Koch + Behring’s work

• SYPHILIS = affects brain, can lead to a stroke, dementia, vision problems and heart problems

  • remedy involved mercury (causes kidney failure)

  • 1905 = began experimenting to find a magic bullet for syphilis based off arsenic

  • 1909 = first magic bullet + chemical cure for disease found - Salvarsan 606

THE DEVELOPMENT OF X-RAYS:

1895 - Discovery of X- Rays by Wilhelm Rontgen

• cathode rays - when a glass tube contains gases at low pressure and an electric current is passed through them

• when wife placed hand on photographic plate, found image of hand, bones and wedding ring

• foundings published in December 1895

Impact:

• used in 1896 in London Royal Hospital

• used w/ soldiers to detect shrapnel

• showed tuberculosis

• showed bone tumours

• used to study internal organs + digestion

HOW MUCH IMPACT DID MARIE CURIE HAVE ON MEDICINE?

• won a noble peace prize for work on radiation- used to develop x-rays

  • WW1 - used own money to equip ambulances w/ x-rays

• used radioactivity to shrink/kill tumours - formed basis of radiotherapy

• work not patented, radiotherapy experimented on as treatment for epilepsy/acne

• became head of Radiological Services by International Red Cross