Individual Variations

Personality

  • the combination of qualities that form an individual’s distinctive character

Id

  • impulsive and primal

Ego

  • reasonable and rationable

Superego

  • morally righteous, following strict rules

Defense Mechanisms

  • ways people cope with bad experiences (denial, displacement, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, repression, and sublimation)

Trait Theory

  • suggests that people have certain basic traits and it is the strength and intensity of those traits that account for personality differences

Social Cognitive Theory

  • emphasizes the dynamic interaction between people (personal factors), their behavior, and their environments

Mental Representation

  • information-containing, physically-realized structures in the mind that allow us to perceive, make sense of, process, understand, and recall all stimuli

Mental health

  • a person’s condition with regard to their psychological and emotional well-being

Mental illness

  • health conditions involving changes in emotion, thinking or behavior

Psychopathology

  • the scientific study of mental illnesses or disorders

Core abnormal indicators

  • behavioral and physical changes

Insanity

  • mental illness of such a severe nature that a person cannot distinguish fantasy from reality, cannot conduct her/his affairs due to psychosis, or is subject to uncontrollable impulsive behavior (legal term, not psychopathic)

Anxiety disorder – what is it?

  • a persistent feeling of anxiety or dread, which can interfere with daily life

Eating disorders – who gets it?

  • most often develop in adolescence and young adulthood. Several, especially anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are more common in women, but they can all occur at any age and affect any gender

Schizophrenia – symptoms

  • a range of problems with thinking (cognition), behavior and emotions. Signs and symptoms may vary, but usually involve delusions, hallucinations or disorganized speech, and reflect an impaired ability to function

Depression – types

  • seasonal affective disorder, premenstual dysphoric disorder, major depression, persistent depression disorder, postpartum depression, dysthymia, atypical depression

Bipolar Mood Disorder – what is it?

  • a mental illness that severely impacts a person's ability to regulate their emotions. This loss of emotional control can increase impulsivity, affect how a person feels about themselves, and negatively impact their relationships with others.

ADHD – treatments

  • behaviors therapy, medication, counseling, social skills training

Dissociative disorder – cause

  • overwhelming experiences, traumatic events and/or abuse that occurred in childhood

Post-Traumatic Stress - symptoms

  • Being easily startled or frightened. Always being on guard for danger. Self-destructive behavior, such as drinking too much or driving too fast. Trouble sleeping. Trouble concentrating. Irritability, angry outbursts or aggressive behavior. Overwhelming guilt or shame.

Stigma

  • a mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person.

James-Lange Theory

  • bodily changes come first and form the basis of an emotional experience. Thus, emotions are caused by bodily sensations (you become happier when you smile. You are afraid because you run)

Cannon-Bard Theory

  • stimulating events trigger feelings and physical reactions that occur at the same time. For example, seeing a snake might prompt both the feeling of fear (an emotional response) and a racing heartbeat (a physical reaction).

Two-Factor Theory

  • focuses on the interaction between physical arousal and how we cognitively label that arousal. In other words, simply feeling arousal is not enough; we also must identify the arousal in order to feel the emotion

Universally understood nonverbal expression

  • conveying information without using words that is understood around the globe