HISTORY OF ART AND INTERIOR DESIGN (draft note)

ART

MEANINGFUL ARRANGEMENT OF ELEMENTS, WORDS, SOUNDS, COLORS, SHAPES

DECORATIVE ARTS

EX. PAINTING, SCULPTURE, GLASS, GLASSWARE, CERAMIC, POTTERY, METALLURGY, PLANE

4 ELEMENTS USED IN THE ANALYSIS OF STYLE

1. RACIAL - PEOPLE WHO ORIGINATED IT

2. EPOCHAL - PERIOD WHERE IT FLOURISHED

3. INDIVIDUAL - ORIGINATOR

4. CHARACTER - CLASSIC OR ROMANTIC

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE EVOLUTION OF STYLE

• RELIGION

• GEOGRAPHY

• POLITICS

• AVAILABILITY OF MAT.

• MONUMENT OF STYLET AND CRAFTSMEN

• EARLIER STYLES

• CULTURE

• ECONOMY

• TECHNOLOGY

• GROWTH OF WORLD COMMUNICATIONS

• PRE-HISTORY

• RADIO CARBON DATING

I. PREHISTORY (30,000 - 10,000 BC)

A. PALEOLITHIC

OLD STONE AGE (80,000 TO 10,000 BC)

• MOUSTERIAN - PIGMENTS FOR BODY ORNAMENTATION,

• AURIGNACIAN - CAVE PAINTINGS.

• MAGDALENIAN - ENGRAVINGE OF ANIMALS ON BONE.

• PORTABLE ART - SMALL FIGURINES OR DECORATIVE OBJECTS

  ex. VENUS OF WILLENDORF (CHILD BEARING BUILD)

• STATIONARY ART - CAVE PAINTINGS

B. MESOLITHIC

MIDDLE STONE AGE (10,000 TO 8,000 BC)

• SETTLED COMMUNITIES AND FARMING

• BOW AND ARROW /POTTERY FOR FOOD STORAGE, DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS

  ex. POTTERY FOR UTILITARIAN USE, ROCK PAINTINGS

• HUMAN OBJECTS

• HIGHLY STYLIZED, RATHER THAN GLORIFIED STICK FIGURES.

C. NEOLITHIC

NEW STONE AGE (7,000 to 3,000 BC)

• AGRICULTURE AND LETTLED PERMANENT VILLAGES

• USED OF MUD BRICKS

  ex. PAINTED/DECORATED POTTERY

PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE

A. BEEHIVE HUT

B. TRULLO - CONICAL, STONE ROOFED BUILDING

C. MEGALITH - LARGE STONE MONUMENT / STRUCTURE

• MENHIR - SINGLE UPRIGHT STONE

• DOLMEN - FREE STANDING CHAMBER W/ STONEL AND CAPSTONE AS A LID. FOR BURIALS.

• ORTHOSTA - UPRIGHT SLAB

• STONE CIRCLE

• CROMLECH

• TAULA - T SHAPED STONE

• TRILITHON - ex. STONEHENGE

D. BRONZE AGE - USED OF COPPER AND TIN

II. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION (4300 - 331 BC)

A. HISTORICAL PERIODS

CRADLE OF CIVILIZATION (ENORMOUS ADVANCES)

DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS/TRADING / LEGAL GOVT. ALPHABET / ARCHITECTURE etc.

1. SUMERIAN - CUNEIFORM & ZIGURAT

2. AKKADIANS - LIFE SIZE BRONZE SCULPTURES

3. NEO-SUMERIAN - LARGEST ZIGGURAT

4. BABYLONIAN/CHALDEAN - CODE OF HAMMURABI

   NEBUCHADNEZZAR II CAPTURED JERUSALEM

   ISHTAR GATE (7 WONDERS OF THE WORLD)

5. ASSYRIAN - GATES W/ LAMASSU GUARDIANS

6. PERSIAN PERIOD - PERSEPOLIS (HUGE PALACE COMPLEX) BY DARIUS I XERXES

B. MESOPOTAMIAN ART

• CUNEIFORM - SYSTEM OF WRITING

• SCULPTURES - LARGE CIRCULAR EYES AND CURLY HAIR

• THE LAMASSU - HUMAN HEADED WINGED BULL

• THE LAW COPE OF HAMMURABI - STATUE W/ ENGRAVED LAWS

C. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

• ARCHES AND CORBEL FORMS FOR ROOFS

• INLAY GLAZED TILES

• CRENELLATION - BATTLEMENT

• PERSIAN - COLUMNS USING BULL CAPITAL

• LOW RELIEF DECOR

D. ARCHITECTURAL FORMS

• ZIGGURAT - ARTIFICIAL MOUNTAIN W/ TIERED RECTANGULAR LAYERS FROM 1 TO 7 FLOORS

• PALACES - USED OF POLYCHROME ORNAMENTAL BRICKWORK

E. ARCHITECTURAL LANDMARKS

• A. ISHTAR GATE - SEMI CIRCULAR ARCH W/ BRILIANTLY COLORED TILE.

• B. TOWER OF BABEL - 7 TIERED ZIGGURAT

• C. HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON (BY NEBUCHADNEZZAR FOR HIS WIFE)

• D. PLAZA COMPLEX AT PER SEPOLIS - MULTI COLUMN BUILDING

• E. APADANA AUDIENCE HALL- #2 COLUMNED HALL W/ 2 MONUMENTAL STAIRCASE.

III. ANCIENT EGYPTIAN PERIOD (3500 - 1000 BC)

A. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

• PORTRAYAL OF HUMAN FIGURE

• THEOCRACY - PHARAOH GODS

• HIEROGLYPHICS - PICTURE SYMBOL WRITING

B. RELIGION

• PHARAOH OR KING WAS CONSIDERED DIVINE

• PREPARATION FOR THE AFTERLIFE IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT

• BELIEF IN EGYPTIAN GODS (EX. AMON, ANUBIS, ATEN ETC.)

C. USES OF EGYPTIAN ART

• ORNAMENT

• RECORD OF HISTORY

• VENERATION OF GODS

D. WALL DECORATIONS

• BRILLIANT COLOR

• LAW OF FRONTALITY

• MEN (REDDISH BROWN)

• WOMEN (YELLOW)

• ROYALS ARE LARGE FIGURE

• RECTANGULAR FORMS -THICK WALLS

• MASSIVE AND SOLID

• COLUMN AND LINTEL

E. SCULPTURE

1. LIONS, BULLS OF RED GRANITE

2. SEATED FIGURES OF ROYALTY

3. SPHINX - MYTHICAL BEAST (HEAD OF MAN, BODY OF A LION)

4. SARCOPHAGUS - STONE CASE WHERE MUMMY WAS PLACED.

F. IMHOTEP

• FIRST RECORDED ARTIST OF WESTERN HISTORY

• ARTIST TO DJOSER

• ADVISER

G. ARCHITECTURE TYPES

1. MASTABAS FUNERARY TEMPLES LATER DEVELOPED AS STEP PYRAMIDS FOR COMMONERS

2. NECROPOLIS - CITY OF MASTABAS

3. PYRAMIDS-MASSIVE FUNERARY STRUCTURE

4. OBELISKS - SQUARE SHAFT OF STONE W/ PYRAMIDAL TOP AS MONUMENT

5. TEMPLES - POST AND LINTEL CONSTRUCTION

H. PARTS OF AN EGYPTIAN TEMPLE

1. PYLON - MONUMENTAL GATEWAY

2. PERISTYLE - OPEN COURT

3. HYPOSTYLE HALL - HAS DOUBLE ROW OF COLUMNS HIGHER THAN OTHERS

4. SANCTUARY - CONTAINS A SMALL SHRINE (SMALL STATUE OF A GOD)

I. TYPES OF CAPITALS

1. PAPYRUS BUNDLE - FROM PAPYRUS PLANT

2. LOTIFORM - FOR NON SECULAR BUILDINGS

3. PALMIFORM

4. COMPANIFORM FLOWER - BELL SHAPED FORM\

5. HATHOR HEADED

6. VOLUTE

J. ARCHITECTURAL LANDMARKS

1. THE GIZA PYRAMIDS - MOST ELABORAT EGYPTIAN REQUIREMENT

   A. PYRAMID OF KHAFRE - THE GREAT SPHINX WHICH IS A SYMBOL OF PROTECTION; HUMAN HEADED LION WITH THE FACE REPRESENTING KHAFRE

   B. PYRAMID OF KHUFU

   C. PYRAMID OF MENKAURE

2. STEPPED PYRAMID OF ZOSER

3. MORTUARY TEMPLE OF QUEEN HATSHEPSUT

4. GREAT TEMPLE OF AMUN, KARNAK - SITE IS BUILD BY A SACRED LAKE

5. GREAT TEMPLE OF ABU-SIMBEL - COMMISSIONED BY RAMESES II TO HONOR HIS MEMORY.

IV. THE AEGEAN PERIOD (3000 - 1200 BC)

A. CIVILIZATIONS THAT FLOURISHED ON THE ISLANDS OF AEGEAN SEA:

1. CYCLADIC (3200 - 1200 BC)

   CULTURE DURING BRONZE AGE ERA

2. MINOAN (3000 - 1500 BC) AFTER KING MINOS

       MOSTLY OVERSEAS TRADERS

3. MYCENAEAN (1600 - 1300 BC)

   LAND OF THE LEGEND TROY

   FROM THE ISLANDS OF MYCENAE

   LAST PHASE OF BRONZE AGE

B. ARTS FROM AEGEAN PERIOD

1. CYCLADIC ART

   MARBLE STRUCTURES MOST FOUND LYING DOWN ON GRAVEL.

2. MINOAN ART

       FRESCO (THE BULL JUMPING FRESCO, THE QUEEN’S MEGARON)

       BUILDING OF GREAT PALACES ON THE ISLAND

       VASE PAINTING WITH SEA MOTIFS

       SMALL - SCALE SCULPTURE

3. MYCENAEAN ART

        FUNERARY MASK / MASK OF AGAMEMNON

        CYCLOPEAN ARCHITECTURE - ENTERED THRU GATE OF LIONS / LARGE         RECTANGULAR AREA WITH HEART IN THE CENTER.

        MEGARON - PRE HISTORIC THRONE ROOM OR “BIG ROOM”

        TOMBS - ROUND BUILDING OR TOMB OR THOLOS

V. THE ANCIENT GREECE (3200 - 32 BC)

• THE BEGINNING OF CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN EUROPE

• PEOPLE ARE ENDOWED BY NATURE WITH AN UNUSUAL LOGICAL AND OBSERVING MENTALITY, A CREATIVE INSTICT, AN EXTRA ORDINARY AMBITION, AND HIGH AMBITION.

• THEY REGARDED WISDOM AS GREATEST OF HUMAN ATTRIBUTES.

A. CONTRIBUTIONS

• POLITICS

• ARTISTIC AND SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT

• THEATER

• LITERATURE

• PHILOSOPHY

B. PROMINENT PEOPLE DURING ANCIENT GREEK CIVILIZATION

• SOCRATES - FOUNDER OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY

• PLATO - SOCRATE’S STUDENT WHO FOUNDED AN ACADEMY IN ATHENS, AND WROTE “THE REPUBLIC”

• ARISTOTLE - MOST FAMOUS STUDENT AT THE ACADEMY; FOUNDED THE LYCEUM

C. SEAS THAT INFLUENCE THE GREEK CIVILIZATIONS

1. AEGEAN SEA

2. IONIAN SEA

3. MEDITERRANEAN SEA

D. FACTORS THAT SHAPED THE GREEK CIVILIZATION

• GEOGRAPHY

• THE SEAS THAT SURROUNDS IT THAT MADE THEM GREAT SHIP BUILDERS

• RELIGION - POLYTHEISM (BELIEF IN MANY GODS)

• ZEUS

• APHRODITE

• GEOLOGY - MAIN BUILDINGS ARE MADE OF MARBLE

E. GREEK ARCHITECTURE

    CONTRIBUTIONS

• GREEK ORDERS - SYSTEMATIC AN DORGANIZED WAY OF CLASSIFYING TEMPLES AND OTHER BUILDINGS THRU THEIR PARTS.

    THREE REQUISITES TO AN ORDER

        HORIZONTAL ENTABLATURE

        UPRIGHT COLUMN

        BASE

    THE THREE ORDERS

        DORIC

        IONIC   

        CORINTHIAN

    ARCHITECTURES

1. THE ACROPOLIS - ANCIENT GREEK MONUMENTAL COMPLEX.

2. THE PROPYLAEA - MONUMENTAL ENTRANCE TO THE CITY OF ACROPOLIS.

3. THE AGORA - MULTIFUNCTIONAL OPEN SPACE

4. PUBLIC SPEAKING

5. RELIGIOUS PROCESSIONS

6. EXTENSION OF MARKET PLACES

7. STOA - STALL OR SHOPS AT THE SIDE OF AGORA WITH ROOF FOR COMMERCE

8. COLONNADE - SERIES OF COLUMNS

    GREEK TEMPLE

    THE PARTHENON

•     DORIC ORDER

•     DEDICATED FOR ATHENA (GODDESS OF WISDOM)

•     W/ MARBLE SCULPTURES BY GREEK SCULPTURE PHIDIAS

    THE ERECTHEION

•     IONIC ORDER

•     FOR ATHENA AND POSEIDON

•     PORCH OF CARYATIDS (FEMALE SCULPTURED COLUMNS)

    GREEK THEATER

• BUILT FOR THE HOMAGE OF APOLLO (GOD OF ARTS AND MUSES)

• ON A HILLSIDE ; FOR AIR PERFORMANCES

 4 TYPES:
        1. AUDITORIUM - SEMI CIRCULAR ORCHESTRA.

        2. ODEON - SMALLER THEATER FOR INTIMATE GATHERINGS.

        3. STADIUM - OVAL SHAPED THEATER FOR FOOT RACES

        4. HIPPODROME - OVAL SHAPED THEATER FOR HORSE AND CHARIOT RACING.