APUSH Period 7 Vocabulary Terms

Alfred Thayer Mahan – Naval strategist who emphasized the importance of sea power in national strength.

• Queen Liliuokalani – Last monarch of Hawaii, overthrown by U.S.-backed forces in 1893.

• Pan-American Conference – Meetings to improve relations and economic ties between the U.S. and Latin America.

• Jingoism – Aggressive nationalism favoring an assertive foreign policy.

• Cuban Revolt – Cuban uprising against Spanish rule, which led to U.S. intervention.

• Yellow Journalism – Sensationalized news that exaggerated events to sway public opinion.

• De Lome Letter – A letter criticizing President McKinley, fueling U.S. tensions with Spain.

• Teller Amendment – Stated the U.S. would not annex Cuba after the Spanish-American War.

• Platt Amendment – Allowed U.S. intervention in Cuba and control over Cuban foreign policy.

• Sphere of Influence – Areas where foreign powers controlled trade and investment.

• George Dewey – U.S. naval commander who won the Battle of Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War.

• Emilio Aguinaldo – Filipino leader who fought against Spain and later the U.S.

• Rough Riders – Volunteer cavalry led by Theodore Roosevelt in the Spanish-American War.

• Hawaii – Annexed by the U.S. in 1898 for its strategic and economic value.

• Theodore Roosevelt – 26th president, known for the Roosevelt Corollary and Big Stick Diplomacy.

• Open Door Policy – U.S. policy advocating equal trade opportunities in China.

• Boxer Rebellion – Anti-foreigner uprising in China, suppressed by international forces.

• Panama Canal – Waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific, built by the U.S.

• William Howard Taft – 27th president, known for Dollar Diplomacy.

• Dollar Diplomacy – Using economic investment to extend U.S. influence abroad.

• Roosevelt Corollary – Extension of the Monroe Doctrine, allowing U.S. intervention in Latin America.

• Russo-Japanese War – Conflict between Russia and Japan; Roosevelt brokered the peace treaty.

• Puerto Rico – Gained by the U.S. from Spain; later granted self-government.

• Woodrow Wilson – 28th president, known for Moral Diplomacy and leading the U.S. into WWI.

• Moral Diplomacy – Wilson’s policy promoting democracy and moral leadership in foreign affairs.

• Pragmatism – Philosophy emphasizing practical solutions over ideals.

• Ida Tarbell – Muckraker journalist who exposed Standard Oil’s monopoly.

• Jacob Riis – Photographer and journalist who exposed urban poverty in How the Other Half Lives.

• Muckrakers – Investigative journalists exposing corruption and social issues.

• Florence Kelley – Social reformer advocating for labor rights and child labor laws.

• Triangle Shirtwaist Fire – Tragic factory fire that led to improved workplace safety laws.

• 16th Amendment – Established a federal income tax.

• 17th Amendment – Allowed direct election of U.S. senators.

• 18th Amendment – Prohibited alcohol (Prohibition).

• Square Deal – Roosevelt’s domestic policy focusing on consumer protection and labor rights.

• Mann-Elkins Act – Strengthened regulation of railroads and telecommunications.

• The Jungle (Upton Sinclair) – Exposed the unsanitary meatpacking industry, leading to food safety laws.

• “Bull Moose” Party – Progressive Party led by Roosevelt in the 1912 election.

• Booker T. Washington – Black leader advocating for vocational education and economic progress.

• W.E.B. Du Bois – Civil rights leader advocating for immediate racial equality.

• NAACP – Organization fighting for African American civil rights.

• Alice Paul – Women’s rights activist and leader in the fight for suffrage.

• 19th Amendment – Gave women the right to vote.

• Lusitania – British ship sunk by a German U-boat, killing Americans and escalating tensions.

• Preparedness – U.S. movement advocating military readiness before entering WWI.

• Zimmerman Telegram – German message urging Mexico to join the war against the U.S.

• John J. Pershing – Commander of U.S. forces in WWI.

• George Creel – Led the Committee on Public Information to promote pro-war propaganda.

• Bolsheviks – Russian communist revolutionaries who took power in 1917.

• Fourteen Points – Wilson’s peace plan promoting self-determination and the League of Nations.

• League of Nations – International organization to maintain peace; the U.S. did not join.

• Henry Cabot Lodge – Opposed the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations.

• Self-determination – The right of people to govern themselves.

• Reparations – Payments imposed on Germany after WWI.

• Mobilization – Organizing resources for war.

• Liberty Bonds – Government bonds used to finance WWI.

• Spanish Flu – 1918 pandemic that killed millions.

• Schenck v. U.S. – Supreme Court case limiting free speech during wartime.

• Selective Service Act – Established the WWI draft.

• The Red Scare (1st) – Fear of communism after WWI.

• Nativism – Anti-immigrant sentiment.

• Sacco & Vanzetti – Immigrant anarchists executed amid controversy.

• The Great Migration – Movement of Black Americans from the South to Northern cities.

• Fundamentalism – Religious movement favoring literal interpretation of the Bible.

• Traditionalism – Cultural conservatism opposing modern changes.

• Henry Ford – Revolutionized manufacturing with the assembly line.

• Assembly Line Process – Mass production technique.

• Art Deco – Stylish modernist architectural design.

• Charles Lindbergh – First solo flight across the Atlantic.

• Modernism – Embracing new cultural and artistic movements.

• Scopes Trial – Debate over evolution in schools.

• “Scarface” Al Capone – Famous Prohibition-era gangster.

• Margaret Sanger – Advocate for birth control.

• Harlem Renaissance – Black cultural movement in the 1920s.

• “Jazz Age” – 1920s era of jazz music and cultural change.

• Marcus Garvey – Leader of the Back-to-Africa movement.

• Warren G. Harding – President promoting “Return to Normalcy.”

• Teapot Dome – Corruption scandal in Harding’s administration.

• Great Depression – Economic collapse of the 1930s.

• New Deal Programs – Government efforts to end the Great Depression.

• Pearl Harbor – Japanese attack bringing the U.S. into WWII.

• D-Day – Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied France.

• Atomic Weapons – Developed in the Manhattan Project, used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end WWII.

• AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Act) – Aimed to reduce agricultural overproduction by paying farmers to cut back on crop and livestock production, helping to raise prices.

• PWA (Public Works Administration) – Funded large-scale public works projects like bridges, dams, and schools to create jobs and stimulate the economy.

• CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps) – Provided young men with jobs related to environmental conservation, such as planting trees, building trails, and fighting wildfires.

• TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority) – Built dams and power plants in the Tennessee Valley region to control flooding, provide electricity, and boost economic development.

• NRA (National Recovery Administration) – Created codes for fair wages, hours, and prices in various industries to help businesses recover; later declared unconstitutional.

• SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) – Regulated the stock market to prevent fraud and abuses that led to the 1929 crash.

• FHA (Federal Housing Administration) – Provided mortgage insurance and low-interest loans to encourage home ownership and construction.

• CWA (Civil Works Administration) – Created temporary jobs for millions of unemployed workers on public projects like roads and schools during the winter of 1933-34.

• WPA (Works Progress Administration) – The largest New Deal agency, it provided jobs in public works, arts, and education, employing millions in projects ranging from construction to theater productions.