Endocrine System ver S (1)

Page 1: Introduction

• Title: General Biology - Lesson 2: The Human Endocrine System

• Institution: University of San Carlos

• Motto: Scientia Virtus Devotio

Page 2: Learning Objectives

• Identify basic hormones regulating homeostasis:

  • Types

  • Responses

  • Sources

  • Targets

• Develop a schematic diagram representing the pathways of insulin and glucagon in blood glucose homeostasis.

Page 3: Topic Overview

• Lesson 2: Introduces the Human Endocrine System

Page 4: Nervous vs. Endocrine System

• Both are communication networks of the body:

  • Nervous System: Fast and short-term effects.

  • Endocrine System: Slower, longer-lasting effects.

Page 5: Endocrine Glands and Hormones

• Human Endocrine Organs Include:

  1. Hypothalamus

  2. Pituitary Gland

  3. Pineal Gland

  4. Thyroid Gland

  5. Parathyroid Gland

  6. Adrenal Glands

  7. Pancreas

  8. Ovaries (female)

  9. Testes (male)

• Endocrine Gland: Cells produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

• Hormone: Biochemical that alters the metabolism of cells.

Page 6: Endocrine System Tissues

• Main tissue types involved in the Endocrine System:

  • Epithelial: Forms glands; secretes hormones.

  • Connective: Blood circulates hormones.

  • Nervous: Some brain parts secrete hormones and control release of others.

Page 7: Roles of the Human Endocrine System

• Regulates:

  • Interstitial fluid

  • Body cells

  • Nutrient and water balance

  • Metabolic wastes and excess heat

• Hormone Mechanism:

  1. Hormones produced by gland.

  2. Secrete into bloodstream.

  3. Circulate throughout the body.

  4. Bind to target cells (only).

  • Not target cell: No effects.

Page 8: Quick Question Example

• Identify the INCORRECT statement about hormonal action in the pancreas and liver:

  • Target cells are in the pancreas. (Incorrect)

  • Liver cells have receptors specific to the hormone.

  • Hormone detectable in blood from arm.

  • Hormone alters liver cell metabolism.

Page 9: Introduction to Hormones and Target Cells

• Hormones circulate but only affect specific target cells—those expressing hormone receptors.

Page 10: Types of Hormones Based on Solubility

• Water-Soluble Hormones:

  • Bind to receptors outside the target cell.

  • Activate internal proteins; quick response.

• Lipid-Soluble Hormones:

  • Diffuse across cell membranes and bind to internal receptors.

  • Alter gene expression; slower response.

Page 11: Summary of Hormone Types

Page 12: Hormonal Impact

• Unique to lipid-soluble hormones:

  • Trigger production of new proteins.

Page 13: Understanding Hormonal Specificity

• Hormonal effects are selective based on receptor presence in target cells.

Page 14: Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

• Central role in endocrine control:

  • Secretes hormones coordinating other glands.

Page 15: Functions of the Hypothalamus

• Regulates hormones to maintain homeostasis:

  • Receives input from the nervous system.

  • Secretes hormones impacting the pituitary gland.

Page 16: Hormones and Feedback Loops

• Negative Feedback:

  • Adjusts hormone production based on current levels.

Page 17: Posterior Pituitary Hormones

• ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone):

  • Increases water reabsorption in kidneys.

• Oxytocin:

  • Stimulates milk ejection and uterine contractions.

Page 18: Anterior Pituitary Hormones

• Regulated by the hypothalamus:

  • Produces six key hormones affecting metabolism and reproductive functions.

Page 19: Anterior Pituitary Hormones (Detailed)

• Hormones:

  • FSH: Stimulates ovaries/testes.

  • LH: Triggers sex hormone release.

  • ACTH: Stimulates adrenal gland hormone secretion.

  • TSH: Increases thyroid hormone production.

  • Prolactin: Stimulates milk production.

  • Endorphins: Natural pain relievers.

Page 20: Effects of Hormones on Cells

• Hormones affect cell metabolism specifically:

  • Varies based on receptor types and hormone levels.

Page 21: Endocrine System Summary

• Various glands collaborate to maintain physiological balance through hormonal interactions.

Page 22: Diabetes and Hormonal Regulation

• Insulin and glucagon play essential roles in managing blood glucose levels:

  • Insulin lowers blood glucose.

  • Glucagon raises blood glucose when needed.

Page 23: Understanding Diabetes

• Type I Diabetes:

  • No insulin production; high blood sugar.

• Type II Diabetes:

  • Cells become insulin resistant; high blood sugar.

Page 24: Melatonin and Sleep Regulation

• Secreted by the pineal gland, regulates sleep-wake cycles.

• Higher levels signal sleep.

Page 25: Hormonal Feedback in Reproduction

• Hormones from ovaries and testes regulate reproductive functions:

  • Estrogen and progesterone in females.

  • Testosterone in males.

Page 26: Conclusion and Citations

• Credits: McGraw-Hill Education, Campbell Biology, Instructor's contributions.