Ap Lang Final Exam Semester 1
VOCAB (25)
Analogy - explaining something complex by comparing it to something more simple
Connotation - the implied meaning of the word; words that can broadly have positive, negative, or neutral connotations
Denotation - the literal, dictionary- definition meaning of the word
Diction - the style of language used; generally tailored to be appropriate to the audience and situation
Ethos - setting up a source as credible and trustworthy
Imagery - any descriptive language used to evoke a vivid sense or image of something; including figurative language
Implication - when something is suggested without being concretely stated
Irony - At the most basic sense, saying the opposite of what you mean; also used to describe situations in which the results of an action are dramatically different than intended
Juxtaposition - placing 2 very different things together for effect.
Logos - Appealing to someone else’s sense of concrete facts and logic
Pathos - An Aristotelian appeal. Involves appealing to someone's emotions
Rhetorical - The use of spoken or written words to convey your ideas and convince your audience
Rhetorical Triangle - The relationship between the author, the audience, the text/message, and the context
Speaker - The persona adopted by the author to deliver his or her message; may or may not actually be the same person as the author
Syntax - The way sentences are grammatically constructed
Synthesis - Combining sources or ideas in a coherent way for the purpose of a larger point
Tone - the use of stylistic devices to reveal an author’s attitude toward a subject
Voice - An author’s unique sound. Similar to style
Allusion - Making a brief reference to the cultural canon, for example, the bible
Anecdote - Offering a brief narrative episode.
Concession - agreeing with the opposing viewpoint on a certain smaller point ( but not in the larger argument)
Paradox - A phrase or assertion that appears to contradict itself
Parallelism - repeated structural elements in a sentence
Satire - A genre of humorous and mocking criticism to expose the ignorance and/or ills of society
Understatement - Deliberately minimizing something, usually for humorous effect
CHAPTER 1 (3)
Definition of an argument - The goal of an argument is to change the initial position on a controversial issue. At times the goal is achieved by the arguer who presents a claim along with evidence and reasons to convince them. At other times the arguers try to come to some kind of agreement while acknowledging the different viewpoints.
Under what conditions does an argument work best - an argument works best when there is an Issue, an Arguer, an Audience, Common ground, a Forum, and an Audience outcome ( should produce a change in the audience.
Under what condition does an argument fail - an argument fails when there is no Disagreement or reason to argue, when there are Risky or trivial issues, Difficulty establishing common ground, and when Standoffs or fights that result in negative outcomes
CHAPTER 2 (9)
TRACE components - Text (is the argument), Reader (is the audience), Author, Constraints, Exigence (the thing signals the part that is controversial).
TRACE questions - Text (What kind of text is it? / What is it about?), Reader (Who is the target audience?), Author (Who is the author?), Constraints (What are the constraints?), Exigence (What happened to cause this argument).
Conduct an audience analysis - Friendly audience (near or total agreement with you), Undecided audience (mildly agrees or mildly opposesmjj with you), Neutral audience (neutral, uncommitted, or uninterested in your argument), Hostile/ resistant audience (may fully disagree, closed to the idea of change), Unfamiliar audience (image them as neutral since you don’t know their position), Linked audience ( not directly connected or participating in your argument)
How to develop common ground with a neutral audience - analyze their needs by appealing to those needs
How to develop common ground with an undecided audience - get to the point quickly and use support to establish connections
How to develop common ground with an unfamiliar audience - image them as neutral
How to develop common ground with a hostile audience - just agree to disagree
How to develop common ground with a linked audience - supply links to encourage them to respond positively to your argument
How to develop common ground with a familiar audience - confirm their beliefs and strengthen their commitment
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CHAPTER 3 (4)
What Constitutes Plagiarism - when a writer knowingly uses someone else’s language, ideas, or original material (not common knowledge) without acknowledging the source.
How to avoid Plagiarism - you can differentiate between your ideas and those of others at all stages of the writing process, use quotation marks, and give credit to the original author.
Consequences of Plagiarism - a poor grade, being expelled from college, or even legal repercussions.
Steps in creating and revising an argument - Read through your material, Put it in order, Write an outline, Write the first draft, Revise the draft, Ask yourself revision questions, Avoid errors, Check one last time, and Submit your paper.
CHAPTER 4 (8)
The VALUE of the Toulmin Model - The FIRST 3 parts are present in every argument (claim, support, and warrant). The LAST 3 is used as a need to strengthen an argument and adapt it to the needs of the audience (backing, rebuttal, qualifier).
Toulmin Model Parts - Claim, Support, Warrant, Backing, Rebuttal, Qualifier
TM Claim - the claim is the thesis, controlling idea, or main point of the argument
TM Support - the support is additional information is convince the audience of the claim. Other words for it would be the evidence, proof, or information
TM Warrant - warrants are the assumptions, general principles, and commonly accepted beliefs
TM Backing - backing is basically the warrant’s own support. Other words for it would be evidence to back up “ideas”
TM Rebuttal - rebuttal is the challenge or disagreement
TM Qualifier - qualifiers are words that don’t demonstrate certainties. the words you would use are may be or might; many or some; and few or sometimes
CHAPTER 5 (10)
Claim of Fact - Did it happen? Does it exist? All of the facts in the claims need to be proved their absolutely or probably true in order to be acceptable.
Example of Claim of Fact - when you claim that you turned a paper in on time even though the professor cannot find it, you are making a claim of fact.
Claim of Definition - What is it? How do we define it? Used as a type of support (usually at the beginning) to establish the meaning of one or more key terms.
Example of Claims of Definition - When you claim that an athlete who receives compensation for playing a sport is “professional” and therefore loses the “amateur” status, you are making a claim of definition.
Claims of Cause - What caused it? what are the effects?
Examples of Claims of Cause - when you claim that staying up late at a party CAUSED you to fail your exam the next day, you are making claims of cause.
Claims of Value - What values or criteria should I use to determine its goodness or badness? What do those people value? It is used to debate over values.
Examples of Claims of Value - When you claim that one college major is better than another, you are using a claim of value
Claims of Policy - What should we do about it? What should be our future course of action? The problem is stated and then a solution is provided.
Examples of Claims of Policy - When you claim that all new students should attend orientation, you are making a claim of policy.
CHAPTER 6 (12)
Logos Proofs (logical) - include facts, reasons, and opinions that are based on reality. They rely on factual information, statistics, and accounts of actual events, past or present.
Types of Logical Proofs Logos - Sign, Induction, Cause, Deduction, Analogies (historical, literal, figurative, Definition, Statistics (These are all arguments)
LP Sign - used to prove a claim with certainty or probability of a claim (signs can be false)
LP Induction - give a number of examples and draw a claim, in the form of a conclusion, for them. also called an argument from the example
LP Cause - places the subject in a cause-and-effect relationship to show that it is either the cause of an effect or effect of a cause. Used to justify a claim.
LP Deduction - also called argument from a general principle (fact), its warrant is a general principle (fact)
LP Analogies - are used to show how something we may not know much about is like something we know in greater detail.
LP Definition - the way the key terms are defined in an argument to convince the audience of your position.
LP Statistics - describe relationships among data, people, occurrences, and events in the real world.
Ethos Proofs - proofs that build credibility, argument of authority; establish their credentials and accomplishments
Pathos - used to appeal to emotion.
Types of Emotional Proofs Pathos - motivation proof, used to urge the audience to take steps to meet their need. Ex, advertisements by political candidates