Untitled Flashcards Set

Lesson 1: Revolutions in Russia 

1. Czar Nicholas II – The last emperor of Russia who was overthrown during the Russian Revolution. 

2. March 1917 Revolution – A popular uprising that forced Czar Nicholas II to step down. 

3. Soviets – Local councils of workers and soldiers that gained power after the czar’s fall. 

4. Vladimir Lenin – Leader of the Bolsheviks who brought communism to Russia. 

5. Bolshevik (November) Revolution – A 1917 revolution where Lenin's party took control of Russia. 

6. Communist Party – The political party that ruled the Soviet Union based on Lenin’s and Marx’s ideas. 

7. Karl Marx – A philosopher whose ideas inspired communism and influenced Lenin. 

Lesson 2: Totalitarianism 
8. Totalitarianism – A system where the government controls every aspect of public and private life. 
9. Great Purge – Stalin’s campaign to eliminate enemies and critics in the Soviet Union. 
10. Joseph Stalin – Soviet leader who turned the USSR into a totalitarian state. 
11. Command economy – An economy where the government makes all economic decisions. 

Lesson 3: Imperial China Collapses 
12. Kuomintang – China’s Nationalist Party that wanted modernization and national unity. 
13. Sun Yixian – The first great leader of the Kuomintang who wanted to create a democracy in China. 
14. Mao Zedong – Communist leader who eventually took control of China after a long civil war. 

Lesson 4: Nationalism in Southwest Asia 
15. Ho Chi Minh – Vietnamese nationalist who later led the fight for independence from France and the U.S. 

Module 20: A Worldwide Depression 

Lesson 2: A Worldwide Depression 
16. Weimar Republic – Germany’s democratic government after World War I, seen as weak. 
17. Hyperinflation – A situation where prices rise rapidly and money loses its value, like in 1920s Germany. 
18. Great Depression – A worldwide economic downturn during the 1930s, beginning with the U.S. stock market crash. 
19. Isolationism – A policy of avoiding involvement in other countries’ affairs, especially wars. 
20. Franklin D. Roosevelt – U.S. president during the Great Depression and most of World War II. 

Lesson 3: Fascism Rises in Europe 
21. Fascism – A political system based on nationalism, dictatorship, and control of society. 
22. Benito Mussolini – Fascist leader of Italy who allied with Hitler. 
23. Adolf Hitler – Nazi leader of Germany responsible for World War II and the Holocaust. 
24. Mein Kampf – Hitler’s book outlining his beliefs and plans for Germany. 

Lesson 4: Aggressors Invade Nations 
25. Emperor Hirohito – Emperor of Japan during World War II. 
26. Manchuria – Region of China invaded by Japan in 1931 for its resources. 
27. Nanjing (1937) – Chinese city where Japanese soldiers committed mass killings and atrocities. 
28. Haile Selassie – Emperor of Ethiopia who resisted Italian invasion. 
29. Appeasement – Giving in to an aggressor to avoid conflict, used against Hitler before WWII. 
30. Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis – Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan before and during WWII. 
31. Francisco Franco – Fascist dictator of Spain who came to power after a civil war. 
32. Third Reich – The Nazi regime in Germany from 1933 to 1945. 
33. Munich Conference – A 1938 meeting where Britain and France gave Hitler part of Czechoslovakia to avoid war. 

Module 22: World War II 

Lesson 1: Hitler’s Lightning War 
34. Nonaggression Pact – Agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union not to fight each other. 
35. Blitzkrieg – “Lightning war” strategy using quick, powerful attacks by Germany. 
36. Charles de Gaulle – Leader of Free France who resisted Nazi occupation. 
37. Winston Churchill – British Prime Minister who led Britain through WWII. 
38. Battle of Britain – Air battle where Britain successfully defended against German bombing. 
39. Battle of El Alamein – A turning point battle in North Africa where Allied forces defeated Germany. 
40. Operation Barbarossa – Hitler’s failed invasion of the Soviet Union. 
41. Stalingrad Campaign – A brutal battle where the Soviet Union defeated Germany, marking a turning point. 
42. Atlantic Charter – Agreement between the U.S. and Britain on post-war goals. 

Lesson 2: Japan’s Pacific Campaign 
43. Isoroku Yamamoto – Japanese admiral who planned the attack on Pearl Harbor. 
44. Pearl Harbor – Surprise Japanese attack on a U.S. naval base that led to America entering WWII. 
45. Bataan Death March – Brutal forced march of American and Filipino prisoners by Japanese soldiers. 
46. Battle of Midway – A major naval battle where the U.S. defeated Japan and turned the tide in the Pacific. 
47. Douglas MacArthur – U.S. general who led forces in the Pacific and helped rebuild Japan after the war. 
48. Battle of Guadalcanal – The first major land victory for Allied forces in the Pacific. 
49. Battle of the Coral Sea – A naval battle that stopped Japan’s advance toward Australia. 
50. “Island hopping” – U.S. strategy of capturing key islands to get closer to Japan. 

Lesson 3: The Holocaust 
51. Kristallnacht – A night of violent attacks on Jews, their businesses, and synagogues in Nazi Germany. 
52. Final Solution – Nazi plan to murder all Jews in Europe. 
53. Genocide – The systematic killing of an entire group of people. 
54. Death Camps – Nazi camps where millions of people, especially Jews, were murdered. 
55. Auschwitz – The largest Nazi death camp where over a million people were killed. 

Lesson 4: The Allied Victory 
56. Dwight D. Eisenhower – U.S. general who led Allied forces in Europe. 
57. Operation Torch – Allied invasion of North Africa to fight Axis forces. 
58. D-Day – June 6, 1944, Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied France. 
59. Battle of the Bulge – Germany’s last major offensive, which failed. 
60. V-E Day – May 8, 1945, the day Germany surrendered and the war in Europe ended. 
61. Kamikazes – Japanese suicide pilots who crashed planes into enemy ships. 
62. Battle of Iwo Jima – Fierce battle where the U.S. captured a key island near Japan. 
63. Hiroshima & Nagasaki – Japanese cities destroyed by U.S. atomic bombs, ending the war in the Pacific. 
64. U.S.S. Missouri – The ship where Japan officially surrendered on September 2, 1945. 

Lesson 5: Europe and Japan in Ruins 
65. Nuremberg Trials – Trials after WWII where Nazi leaders were punished for war crimes and the Holocaust. 

 Module 14: Revolutions Sweep the West 
Lesson 3: Nationalism 

1. Nationalism – Pride in your country and the belief that your nation should have its own government. 

Module 15: The Industrial Revolution 
Lesson 1: The Beginnings of Industrialization 
2. Industrial Revolution – A time when machines started doing work that was once done by hand. 
3. Richard Arkwright – Inventor who made machines that helped produce cloth faster. 
4. Factories – Large buildings where machines are used to make goods. 
5. James Watt – Improved the steam engine, which powered machines and transportation. 

Lesson 2: Industrialization Changes Life 
6. Urbanization – The growth of cities as people moved there for factory jobs. 
7. Middle class – A group of people between rich and poor, often with jobs like business owners or skilled workers. 

Lesson 3: Industrialization Spreads 
8. Interchangeable parts – Parts made exactly the same, so they can be used in any product of the same type. 
9. Assembly line – A system where each worker does one part of making a product as it moves along a line. 

Lesson 4: Reforming the Industrial World 
10. Adam Smith – Economist who believed in free markets and little government control over business. 
11. Karl Marx – Thinker who believed workers should rise up and create a classless society. 
12. Labor unions – Groups of workers who join together to fight for better pay and working conditions. 

Module 16: An Age of Democracy and Progress 
Lesson 4: Nineteenth-Century Progress 
13. Charles Darwin – Scientist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. 

Module 17: The Age of Imperialism 
Lesson 1: The Roots of Imperialism 
14. Imperialism – When one country takes control of another, often by force. 
15. Social Darwinism – The idea that stronger people or nations are naturally better and should rule weaker ones. 
16. Berlin Conference of 1885 – A meeting where European countries divided Africa without asking Africans. 

Lesson 3: Europeans Claim Muslim Lands 
17. Suez Canal – A waterway in Egypt that connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, important for trade. 

Module 18: Transformations Around the Globe 
Lesson 1: China Resists Outside Influence 
18. Opium Wars – Fights between China and Britain over British trade of opium in China. 
19. Boxer Rebellion – A Chinese uprising against foreigners and their influence. 

Lesson 2: Modernization in Japan 
20. The Meiji Era – A time in Japan when the country quickly modernized and industrialized. 

Module 19: World War I 
Lesson 1: Marching Toward War 
21. Militarism – Belief in building up strong armies and weapons. 
22. Triple Alliance – Military agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy before World War I. 
23. Kaiser Wilhelm II – German emperor during World War I. 
24. Triple Entente – Military agreement between France, Russia, and Britain before World War I. 
25. The Balkan Region – Area in Southeast Europe where tensions helped start World War I. 
26. Archduke Franz Ferdinand – His assassination triggered World War I. 
27. Ultimatum – A final demand; if not accepted, it leads to action or conflict. 

Lesson 2: Europe Plunges into War 
28. Central Powers – Germany, Austria-Hungary, and their allies in World War I. 
29. Allies – France, Britain, Russia, and others who fought against the Central Powers. 
30. Armenian Genocide – The mass killing of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire during World War I. 
31. Western Front – The line of fighting in France and Belgium during World War I. 
32. Trench warfare – Fighting from deep ditches to defend positions. 
33. Eastern Front – The line of fighting between Germany/Austria-Hungary and Russia. 

Lesson 3: A Global Conflict 
34. Gallipoli – A failed Allied campaign to take control of a key route in the Ottoman Empire. 
35. Unrestricted submarine warfare – Germany’s policy of sinking any ship near Britain without warning. 
36. The Lusitania – A British ship sunk by a German submarine, killing Americans and angering the U.S. 
37. The Zimmermann Note – A secret message from Germany to Mexico, promising land if Mexico attacked the U.S. 
38. Total war – A war where countries use all their resources for the war effort. 
39. Propaganda – Information spread to influence public opinion. 
40. Armistice – An agreement to stop fighting. 

Lesson 4: A Flawed Peace 
41. Treaty of Versailles – Peace treaty that ended World War I and punished Germany. 
42. Woodrow Wilson's "Fourteen Points" – U.S. president’s plan for lasting peace after World War I.  
43. League of Nations – An international group formed to help countries avoid war. 
44. Self-determination – The right of people to choose their own government and way of life. 

 Module 13: Expansion, Exploration, and Encounters  

Lesson 1: The French Revolution Begins  

1. Old Regime: political and social system that existed in France before the French Revolution  

2. The Three Estates: The 3 social classes in France before the French Revolution   

3. The Third Estate: 98% of the population; Working class  

4. Bourgeoisie: the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people  

5. Louis XVI: King of France from 1774-1792; unpopular politics helped trigger French Revolution. Executed by guillotine  

6. Marie Antoinette: Queen of France; married to King Louis. Hated by French citizens + found guilty of treason and died by guillotine  

7. Estates-General: assembly of reps. from all 3 estates in France  

8. National Assembly: French congress established by reps. of 3^rd estate on June 17, 1789 to enact laws + reform the name of French people  

9. Tennis Court Oath: pledge made by members of the French National Assembly; voted to continue meeting until they had made new constitution  

10. The Bastille: French Prison  

11. The Great Fear: wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after storming the Bastille  

Lesson 2: Revolution Brings Reform and Terror  

1. Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen: created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women).  

2. Guillotine: machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during French revolution  

3. National Convention: meeting of party delegates every four years to choose a presidential ticket and write the party's platform.  

4. Maximilien Robespierre: leading figure of French Revolution; known for intense dedication to revolution. Became increasingly radical + led national convention during most bloodthirsty time  

5. Reign of Terror: when Maximilien Robespierre ruled France as nearly a dictator. Thousands of political figures + ordinary citizens killed  

Lesson 3: Napoleon's Empire  

1. Napoleon Bonaparte: general/emperor of France. Seized power in a coup d’état in 1779; led French armies in conquering much of Europe. Placed relatives in positions of power. Defeated at Battle of Waterloo; exiled to Island of Elba  

2. coup d'etat: sudden seizure of political power in a nation   

3. plebiscite: direct vote where country's people could approve or reject a proposal   

4. Napoleonic Code: comprehensive + uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon  

5. Battle of Austerlitz: massive victory by the French caused Russia and the Austrians to suspend their support against France  

6. Battle of Trafalgar: 1805 naval battle where Napoleon’s forces were defeated by British fleet under control of Horatio Nelson   

7.  Peninsular War: conflict from 1808-1813; Spanish rebels with aid of British forces fought to drive Napoleon’s French troops out of Spain  

8. Napoleon's Russian Campaign: Napoleon's failed campaign due to Russia's scorched earth policy and the starvation and malnutrition of Napoleon's soldiers.  

9. The Hundred Days: period in 1815 where Napoleon made last bid for power, deposing French King + becoming Emperor of France  

10. Battle of Waterloo: battle that Napoleon lost after his return from Elba that ended his reign as French ruler  

Lesson 4: The Congress of Vienna  

1. Congress of Vienna: series of meetings in 1814-1815 where European leaders sought to establish long-lasting peace and security after Napoleons defeat  

2. Klemens von Metternich: Austrian statesman + diplomat; Austrian rep. At Congress of Vienna  

3. Balance of power: Political situation where no one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to others   

4. Concert of Europe: series of alliances among European nations in the 19^th centry, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions  

Module 14: Revolutions Sweep the West  

Lesson 1: Latin American Peoples Win Independence  

31. Peninsulares: Spanish people living in the Spanish colonies that were born in Spain  

32. Creoles: People living in Spanish colonies born in Latin America to Spanish Parents  

33. Mulattos: Person of mixed European and African ancestry  

34. Toussaint Louverture: important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.  

35. Simon Bolivar: South American revolutionary who led independence wars in present nations of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia  

36. The Mexican Revolution (1821): revolt where the Mexican middle-class and peasants overthrew the dictator Porfirio Díaz. They took aggressive measures in order to win over land. Leaders Villa and Zapata fought for land and liberty, challenging the government.  

37. Dom Pedro of Brazil: son of King Joao VI, leaves his son as regent in Brazil before returning to Portugal. cause of Brazilian independence against the recolonizing efforts of Portugal. became emperor of an independent Brazil, which remained a monarchy. Thus, in contrast to other nations of Latin America, Brazil achieved independence that left no confusion about where the political authority lay. Also, the Brazilian revolution preserved slavery.  

Lesson 2: Europe Faces Revolutions  

1. Conservative: (usually) wealthy landowner or noble who wanted to preserve the traitional monarchies of Europe  

2. Liberal: usually middle class businessman leader or merchant who wanted to give political power to elected parliaments  

3. Radical: European who favored drastic cange to extend democracy to all people  

4. Nationalism: the belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation; to the people with whom they share a culture and hisory rather a king or empire  

5. 1830 Uprisings: series of rebellions in Europe against conservative governments and kings 

6. Revolutions of 1848: Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe during a time after the Congress of Vienna when conservative monarchs were trying to maintain their power. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed. 

Module 10: Expansion, Exploration, and Encounters 

Lesson 1: The Mughal Empire in India 

1. Mughal Empire:  from 1526 to 1857, powerful dynasty in India known for cultural achievements, architectural masterpieces, and religious tolerance, but gradually declined due to internal strife + British colonial expansion. 

2. Akbar the Great: Mughal emperor of India in 1556-1605. Continued policy of conquest put in place under Bairim Khan. Enlarged empire to nearly all Indian peninsula north of Godavari River 

Lesson 3: China and Japan Reject Expansion 

1. Ming Dynasty: Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1368-1644 

2. Tokugawa Shogunate: dynasty of shoguns that ruled Japan from 1603-1867 

Module 11: Absolute Monarchs in Europe 

Lesson 1: Spain's Empire and European Absolutism 

1. Phillip I|: King of Spain (1556-1598), Naples (1554-1598) & Protugal (1580-1598). Led Roman Catholic efforts to recover parts of Europe from Protestant. Defeated by England + Neatherlands.  

2. absolute monarchs: king or queen who had unlimited power + tried to control all aspects of society 

3. Divine Right: idea that monarchs are God’s representatives on earth + answerable only to God 

Lesson 2: The Reign of Louis XIV 

1. Rene Descartes: French philosopher + mathematician, best known for statement "Cogito, ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am"), became modern philosophy + development of Cartesian coordinates in math 

2. Louis XIV: King of France from 1643 to 1715, renowned for his absolute monarchy, lavish court at Versailles, and centralization of royal power. 

3. Mercantilism: economic theory that believed a country's wealth + power was best increased by accumulating gold + silver through positive balance of trade + strict government regulation. 

4. Palace of Versailles: opulent royal residence built by Louis XIV, symbolizing absolute monarchy and featuring stunning architecture, extensive gardens, and grand halls like the Hall of Mirrors. 

5. War of Spanish Succession: European conflict fought over who should succeed to the Spanish throne, with a coalition of powers opposing the union of France and Spain under the Bourbon family, ultimately resulting in the Treaty of Utrecht and the establishment of a balance of power in Europe. 

Lesson 4: Absolute Rulers of Russia 

1. Ivan the Terrible: (1530-1584) Grand Duke of Russia + first Russian ruler to assume title of  (monarch) instituted campaign of terror against disfavored boyars (Russian aristocrats). Killed his son so there was no heir to throne 

2. Peter the Great: Czar of Russia from 1682-1725. Transformed Russia into modern state. Absolute monarch + brought ways of Western Europe to Russia + made various reforms.  

3. westernization: adoption of social, political + economic institutions of Western-especially Europe of American countries 

Lesson 5: Parliament limits the English Monarchy 

1. James | (Stuart): first Stuart king of England, ruled from 1603 to 1625 and is best known for authoring the King James Bible and his struggles with Parliament over royal authority, which contributed to tensions leading to the English Civil War. 

2. Charles I: King of England + Scotland + Ireland from 1625-1649; conflict with Parliament started English Civil War. Killed in 1649 

3. English Civil War: 1642-1649 when Puritan supporters of Parliament battled supporters of England’s monarchy 

4. Oliver Cromwell: Lord Protector of England in 1642; led Parliament forces in deposing King Charles I; became ruler of England in 1653 

5. Glorious Revolution: bloodless overthrow of English king James II + his replacement: William and Mary 

6. English Bill of Rights: landmark document that limited the powers of the monarchy, affirmed parliamentary supremacy, and laid the foundation for modern constitutional democracy by protecting individual rights such as freedom of speech and protection from cruel and unusual punishment. 

7. constitution: fundamental set of principles or laws that outlines the structure, powers, and duties of a government, as well as the rights of its citizens. 

Module 12: Enlightenment and Revolution 

Lesson 1: Luther Leads the Reformation 

1. Nicolaus Copernicus: Polish astronomer who proposed the heliocentric theory, suggesting that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun, challenging the geocentric view that dominated medieval science. 

2. heliocentric theory: idea that earth + other planets revlove around the sun 

3. Scientific Revolution: major change in European thought, starting in mid-1500s with study of natural world began to be characterized by careful observation + questioning of accepted beliefs 

4. Francis Bacon: English philosopher and statesman, known for developing the empirical method and laying the groundwork for modern scientific inquiry through his promotion of inductive reasoning and experimentation. 

5. Isaac Newton: English mathematician + natural philosopher; he discovered law of gravity+ laws of physics on objects  

Lesson 2: Enlightenment Thinkers 

1. Thomas Hobbes: English philosopher, best known for his work Leviathan (1651), where he argued that in the absence of a strong central authority, human life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short," advocating for absolute monarchy as the solution to maintain order. 

2. social contract: agreement by which people define + limit their individual rights that creates an organized society or government 

3. John Locke: English philosopher known for his political theories during the Enlightenment. Wrote Two Treaties of Government where he declared that people have a right to rebel aginst governments that do not protect their rights  

4. Philosophes: group of social thinkers in France druing Enlightenment 

5. Rationalism: Enlightenment thinkers belief that truth could be discovered through reason or logical thinking 

6. Voltaire: French philosopher + author; supported deism (idea that Gof was no longer involved with the universe after creating it) Advocated a tolerant approach to religion  

7. Baron de Montesquieu French political philosopher during Enlightenment, explored democratic theories of government. Proposedgovernmentt divided into 3 branches. Ideas are reflected in US Constitution.  

8. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Swiss-French political philosopher; valued social contract + addressed nature of man in book: On the Origin of Inequality 

Lesson 3: The Enlightenment Spreads 

1. Diderot: French philosopher and writer, best known as the chief editor of the Encyclopédie, a comprehensive work that aimed to compile and disseminate knowledge while promoting Enlightenment ideals of reason, secularism, and progress. 

2. salon: social gathering of intellectuals + artists like those held in homes of wealthy women in Paris + other parts of Europe during Enlightenment.  

3. Baroque style: grand, ornate style that characterized European painting, music + architecture in 1600s + early 1700s 

4. "enlightened despots": 18^th-century European monarchs who was inspired by Enlightenment ideas to ruly justly + respect the rights of subjects 

5. Frederick the Great: King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, was a military strategist, reformer, and Enlightened absolutist who expanded Prussia's territory and modernized its bureaucracy while promoting religious tolerance and legal reform.