ANTH 1210: Exam #2 Study Guide Professor MacKinnon – Spring 2025 Study Tips: ✔ Review Chapters 5-8 in your Anthropology textbook ✔ Go over “Reviewing

Key Topics to Focus On:

The Living Primates (Ch. 5: Lecture/PowerPoint)

• What defines a primate?

  • Primate trends and characteristics

• Common behaviors of all primates (including humans)

• Differences between humans and nonhuman primates

• Why are nonhuman primates studied in anthropology?

• Key Terms: Ethnoprimatology, Anthropoid, Prosimians, monkeys, apes, social behavior

Ancestral Humans: The Hominin Family Tree (Ch. 6: Lectures/PowerPoint)

• What are the physical characteristics of bipedalism?

• Early bipedal hominins

• Australopithecines:

  • Where and when did they live?

  • Differences between “robust” and other forms

• How do fossils help us understand early humans?

• Key traits that define the Genus Homo

• Homo erectus and its evolutionary “firsts”

• Who were the Neanderthals? What do we know about their culture?

• When and where did Homo sapiens first appear?

• Key Terms: Australopithecines, bipedalism, Homininae, biocultural evolution, Paleolithic

Human Biodiversity Today (Ch. 7: Lecture/PowerPoint)

• How is skin color an example of adaptation?

• Problems with dividing humans into distinct racial groups

• More useful ways to describe modern human variation

• How have human populations adapted to extreme environments (high altitude, cold, etc.)?

• Key Terms: Clinical variation, eugenics, race, racism

Biocultural Perspectives on Health (Medical Anthropology) (Ch. 8: Lecture/PowerPoint)

• How do biological and cultural factors influence health?

• Definitions of health and illness

• “Medicalization of the non-medical” – what does it mean?

• Different healing contexts across cultures

• How can anthropology help solve global health problems?

• Key Terms: Disease, illness, medicalization, medical anthropology

Final Review Strategy:

✔ Create flashcards for key terms
✔ Make a concept map linking related ideas
✔ Practice explaining concepts in your own words
✔ Review lecture slides and notes for any details not covered in the book
✔ Try answering potential exam questions based on this guide

Good luck on your exam!

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ANTH 1210: Exam #2 Study Guide

Professor MacKinnon – Spring 2025

Exam Coverage: Chapters 5-8

Focus on key themes, definitions, and concepts from lectures, PowerPoints, and readings.

1. The Living Primates (Ch. 5: Lecture/PowerPoint)

What is a Primate?

• Primate Trends: Characteristics that define primates as an order

• Evolutionary significance of primate traits

Common Primate Behaviors

• Shared behaviors across primates (including humans)

• Social structures, tool use, and communication

Differences Between Humans & Nonhuman Primates

• Physical, cognitive, and social distinctions

Why Study Nonhuman Primates in Anthropology?

• Insights into human evolution and social behaviors

Key Terms:

Ethnoprimatology, Anthropoid, Prosimians, monkeys, apes, social behavior

2. Ancestral Humans: The Hominin Family Tree (Ch. 6: Lectures/PowerPoint)

Bipedalism

• Physical characteristics and evolutionary advantages

• How bipedalism shaped human evolution

Early Bipedal Hominins

• Who were the first bipedal hominins?

The Australopithecines

• Where and when did they live?

• Differences between “gracile” and “robust” forms

Understanding Fossils

• How do we date and interpret fossils?

• What can they tell us about hominin evolution?

The Genus Homo

• What defines Homo species?

• Firsts associated with Homo erectus (e.g., fire, migration, tool complexity)

Neanderthals

• Who were they?

• Cultural and behavioral traits

Modern Humans

• When and where did Homo sapiens first appear?

Key Terms:

Australopithecines, bipedalism, Homininae, biocultural evolution, Paleolithic

3. Human Biodiversity Today (Ch. 7: Lecture/PowerPoint)

Skin Color & Adaptation

• How is skin color an evolutionary response to the environment?

Problems With Racial Classification

• Why is dividing humans into racial groups problematic?

• What are more accurate ways to describe human variation?

Human Adaptation to Environments

• How have human populations evolved to survive in extreme climates? (e.g., high altitude, cold)

Key Terms:

Clinical variation, eugenics, race, racism

4. Biocultural Perspectives on Health (Medical Anthropology) (Ch. 8: Lecture/PowerPoint)

Health & Illness

• How do biological and cultural factors shape health?

• Definitions of health vs. illness

Medicalization

• What does “medicalization of the non-medical” mean?

• Examples of how society medicalizes normal human experiences

Healing & Healthcare Across Cultures

• How do different cultures approach healing?

• The role of anthropology in global health issues

Key Terms:

Disease, illness, medicalization, medical anthropology

Study Strategies:

✔ Flashcards – Define and review key terms
✔ Concept Maps – Connect major ideas
✔ Lecture Notes – Review slides and readings for details
✔

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ChatGPT said:

Got it! Here’s your full ANTH 1210 Exam #2 Study Guide with key terms defined.

ANTH 1210: Exam #2 Study Guide

Professor MacKinnon – Spring 2025

Exam Coverage: Chapters 5-8

Focus on key themes, definitions, and concepts from lectures, PowerPoints, and readings.

1. The Living Primates (Ch. 5: Lecture/PowerPoint)

What is a Primate?

• Primate Trends: Characteristics that define primates as an order

• Evolutionary significance of primate traits

Common Primate Behaviors

• Shared behaviors across primates (including humans)

• Social structures, tool use, and communication

Differences Between Humans & Nonhuman Primates

• Physical, cognitive, and social distinctions

Why Study Nonhuman Primates in Anthropology?

• Insights into human evolution and social behaviors

Key Terms:

• Ethnoprimatology – The study of human-primate interactions and how primates adapt to human environments.

• Anthropoid – A subgroup of primates that includes monkeys, apes, and humans, but excludes prosimians.

• Prosimians – The most primitive primates, including lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers.

• Monkeys – A diverse group of primates typically divided into New World monkeys (South America) and Old World monkeys (Africa and Asia).

• Apes – A group of primates that includes gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, and humans, characterized by higher intelligence and a lack of tails.

• Social behavior – How primates interact in groups, including dominance hierarchies, cooperation, and kinship bonds.

2. Ancestral Humans: The Hominin Family Tree (Ch. 6: Lectures/PowerPoint)

Bipedalism

• Physical characteristics and evolutionary advantages

• How bipedalism shaped human evolution

Early Bipedal Hominins

• Who were the first bipedal hominins?

The Australopithecines

• Where and when did they live?

• Differences between “gracile” and “robust” forms

Understanding Fossils

• How do we date and interpret fossils?

• What can they tell us about hominin evolution?

The Genus Homo

• What defines Homo species?

• Firsts associated with Homo erectus (e.g., fire, migration, tool complexity)

Neanderthals

• Who were they?

• Cultural and behavioral traits

Modern Humans

• When and where did Homo sapiens first appear?

Key Terms:

• Australopithecines – A genus of early hominins that lived in Africa; includes both gracile and robust species.

• Bipedalism – The ability to walk on two legs, a key trait distinguishing hominins from other primates.

• Homininae – The subfamily that includes humans and their closest extinct relatives, such as Neanderthals.

• Biocultural evolution – The interaction between biological and cultural factors in human evolution.

• Paleolithic – The "Old Stone Age," a prehistoric period characterized by early stone tool use and hunter-gatherer societies.

3. Human Biodiversity Today (Ch. 7: Lecture/PowerPoint)

Skin Color & Adaptation

• How is skin color an evolutionary response to the environment?

Problems With Racial Classification

• Why is dividing humans into racial groups problematic?

• What are more accurate ways to describe human variation?

Human Adaptation to Environments

• How have human populations evolved to survive in extreme climates? (e.g., high altitude, cold)

Key Terms:

• Clinical variation – The gradual change in a trait or feature across a geographic area, rather than distinct racial categories.

• Eugenics – A discredited movement aimed at "improving" human populations through controlled breeding.

• Race – A socially constructed classification system that groups people based on physical traits; not biologically meaningful.

• Racism – A system of discrimination based on perceived racial differences, often used to justify inequality.

4. Biocultural Perspectives on Health (Medical Anthropology) (Ch. 8: Lecture/PowerPoint)

Health & Illness

• How do biological and cultural factors shape health?

• Definitions of health vs. illness

Medicalization

• What does “medicalization of the non-medical” mean?

• Examples of how society medicalizes normal human experiences

Healing & Healthcare Across Cultures

• How do different cultures approach healing?

• The role of anthropology in global health issues

Key Terms:

• Disease – A biological or physiological condition that affects the body, often caused by pathogens or genetic factors.

• Illness – A person's subjective experience of feeling unwell, influenced by cultural and social factors.

• Medicalization – The process by which human conditions or behaviors (e.g., aging, childbirth, mental health) are defined and treated as medical issues.

• Medical anthropology – The study of how culture, biology, and social factors influence health, illness, and medical systems.