Chapter 3

The four (4) types of primary tissues 

• connective tissue 

• epithelial tissue

• muscle tissue

• nervous tissue

Extracellular matrix (area surrounding cells)

• Ground Substance

Histological Sections

Epithelial Tissue

• Simple vs. Stratified

• Basement membrane

• All types of epithelial tissue (i.e., squamous, cuboidal, columnar, etc.)

• Specialized epithelial cells (i.e., goblet, pseudostratified columnar, transitional, etc.)

Connective Tissue

• Fibroblasts

• Three (3) main types of fibers

• Loose Connective Tissue

• Dense Connective Tissue

• Cartilage

• Blood

• Bone (osseous tissue)

Nervous Tissue

• Neuroglia (glial) cells

• Neurons: neurosoma (cell body), dendrites, axon

Muscular Tissue

• Skeletal (muscle fibers, striations, voluntary)

• Cardiac (cardiomyocytes, striations, intercalated discs, involuntary)

• Smooth (fusiform myocytes, non-striated, involuntary)

Glands (Structure and Type)

• Endocrine

  • Secretes hormones into blood only

• Exocrine

  • Uses a duct to secrete substances onto body surface or into a body cavity

  • Serous glands

    • Secrete thin, watery fluids

  • Mucous glands

    • Secrete mucin that absorbs water to form mucus

  • Mixed glands

    • Secrete a mix of watery and mucous secretions

  • Eccrine (merocrine) glands

    • Exocytosis

    • Tear glands, pancreas, gastric glands, others

  • Apocrine glands

    • Droplets bud from surface

    • Functional at puberty – mammary and axillary glands

  • Holocrine glands

    • Entire cell pinches off

    • Oil-producing glands of scalp and eyelid

Membrane Types

Types of tissue changes that can occur

• Hyperplasia 

  • Cell multiplication

• Hypertrophy

  • Enlargement of cells

• Neoplasia

  • Tumor development

• Differentiation

  • Specialization of form/function

• Metaplasia

  • Change from one tissue to another

• Regeneration

  • Replacement of dead cells

• Fibrosis

  • Scar tissue development

• Atrophy

  • Reduction in size or number

• Necrosis

  • Pathological death of tissue

    • Infarction – cut off blood supply

    • Gangrene – insufficient blood supply (necrosis)

• Apoptosis

  • Programmed cell death