B1

what are prokaryotic cells? single celled organisms with no membrane bound organelles

nucleoid: where genetic material is stored and regulates cell activity

ribosomes: make proteins

slime capsule: prevents the cell from drying out and helps it to stick to surfaces

cell wall: made of peptidoglycan. support and protection of cell

plasmids: DNA containing additional genes for survival

what are eukaryotic cells? single celled organisms with membrane bound organelles

plasma membrane: protects the cell from its surroundings and allows substances in and out

cytoplasm: site of chemical reactions

nucleus: controls cellular activity and stores DNA

nucleolus: produces ribosomes

ribosomes: make proteins

rough endoplasmic reticulum: where proteins are made

smooth endoplasmic reticulum: where lipids are made

vesicles: store and transport substances in the cell

golgi apparatus: modifies and packages proteins in vesicles

lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes that destroy old organelles and pathogens

centrioles: form spindle fibres in cell division

mitochondria: where aerobic respiration happens and where ATP is produced

plant cells do not have centrioles

chloroplasts: where photosynthesis happens

vacuole: stores water and other substances, maintains turgor

cell wall: protection and support

tonoplast: controls movement of molecules in and out of the vacuole

amyloplast: stores starch

plasmodesmata: allows for inter-cell communication

palisade mesophyll: for photosynthesis

adaptations: lots of chlorophyll

large vacuole to push the chloroplasts to outer region of the cell

thin cell wall to enable diffusion of substances

root hair cell: collect water and mineral nutrients from soil

adaptations: many long projections to reach into the soil

large total surface area

do not contain chloroplasts since there is no photosynthesis

egg cell: carries genetic information from the female in the haploid nucleus

adaptations: contains ½ of the genetic information needed to fuse with the sperm

zona pellucida is a jelly coat layer that stops more than one sperm from entering

sperm cell: egg cell: carries genetic information from the male in the haploid nucleus

adaptations: mid region contains mitochondria to provide energy

contains ½ of the genetic information

tail for movement

acrosome to penetrate egg wall

white blood cell: protects the body against foreign invaders

adaptations: change shape to squeeze through to sites of infection (multi lobed nuclei)

lysosomes to digest pathogens

red blood cell: carry oxygen into the bloodstream

adaptations: haemoglobin helps it to bind to oxygen

biconcave shape provides a large surface area

small and flexible to squeeze through capillaries