P2 NOTES (CHAPTER 6)

medicine - the science or practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease

disease - abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism

different categories of diseases:

• Infectious disease - caused by microorganisms and other parasites that live at the expense of another organism; caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi (yeasts and molds), protozoa (single-celled animals), and worms

• Degenerative disease - resulting from wear and tear, aging, or trauma (injury) that can result in a lesion (wound) and perhaps necrosis (death) of tissue

• Neoplasia - abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue

• Immune disorders - failures of the immune system, allergies, and autoimmune diseases, in which the body makes antibodies to its own tissues

• Metabolic disorders - resulting from lack of enzymes or other factors needed for cellular functions.

• Hormonal disorders - caused by underproduction or overproduction of hormones or by inability of the hormones to function properly

• Mental and emotional disorders - disorders that affect the mind and adaptation of an individual to his or her environment.

etiology - cause of a disease

acute - rapid onset and progress of disease and last for shorter period of time

chronic - slow onset and progress of disease last for long time

organic - associated with abnormality in structure of organ

congenital (birth defect) - present at birth

acquired - acquired after birth

familial (genetic disorder) - occurring in family

functional - associated with abnormality of function

local - involving only one part of the body

variety of ways that diseases get their names:

• named after the places where they were first found

• named after the persons who first identified or studied them.

• named in the basis of the symptoms they cause

• named after the root

• named after the Latin term

• named for colors associated with the pathology of these diseases

Common infectious organism:

• Bacteria - simple microscopic organisms that are widespread throughout the world, some of which can produce disease; singular, bacterium

• Cocci - round bacteria; may be in clusters (staphylococci), chains (streptococci), and other formations; singular, coccus

• Bacilli - rod-shaped bacteria; singular, bacillus

• Vibrios - curved rods

• spirochetes - corkscrew-shaped bacteria that move with a twisting motion

• chlamydia - organisms smaller than bacteria that, like viruses, grow in living cells but are susceptible to antibiotics

• rickettsia - similar in growth to chlamydia

• viruses - microscopic infectious agents that can live and reproduce only within living cells

• fungi - simple, nongreen plants, some of which are parasitic; includes yeasts and molds; singular, fungus

• protozoa - single-celled animals; singular, protozoon

• helminths - worm

Responses to Disease:

• inflammation - A localized response to tissue injury characterized by heat, pain, redness, and swelling

• phagocytosis - The ingestion of organisms, such as invading bacteria or small particles of waste material by a cell; ingested material is then destroyed by the phagocytic cell, or phagocyte (root phag/o = “to eat”)

• immunity

adenocarcinoma - tumor arises in glandular epithelium

melanoma - a cancer pigmented epithelial cells

benign - Not recurrent or malignant; favorable for recovery; describing tumors that do not spread

carcinoma - A malignant neoplasm composed of epithelial cells (from Greek root carcino, meaning “crab”) (adjective, carcinomatous)

cyst - A filled sac or pouch that is usually abnormal

gram stain - A laboratory staining procedure that divides bacteria into two groups: gram-positive, which stain blue or purple, and gram-negative, which stain red

hernia - Protrusion of an organ through an abnormal opening; a rupture

lesion - a distinct area of damaged tissue; an injury or wound

malignant - Growing worse; harmful; tending to cause death; describing tumors that spread

metastasize - To spread from one part of the body to another; The noun is metastasis

necrosis - death of tissue

neoplasm - An abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue, namely, a tumor; may be benign or malignant (root onc/o, suffix -oma = tumor or abnormal growth)

parasite - An organism that grows on or in another organism (the host), causing damage to it

pathogen - An organism capable of causing disease (root path/o = disease)

prolapse - A dropping or downward displacement of an organ or part; -ptosis

pus - A product of inflammation consisting of fluid and white blood cells (root py/o = pus)

sarcoma - A malignant neoplasm arising from connective tissue (from Greek root sarco, meaning “flesh”) (adjective, sarcomatous)

sepsis - The presence of harmful microorganisms or their toxins in the blood or other tissues (adjective, septic)

toxin - A poison (adjective, toxic; roots tox/o, toxic/o)

trauma - A physical or psychological wound or injury

roots for disease:

• alg/o, algi/o, algesi/o - pain

  • algesia - condition of having pain

• carcin/o - cancer, carcinoma

  • carcinogen - substance that produces cancer

• cyst/o, cyst/i - filled sac or pouch, cyst, bladder

  • cystic - pertaining to or having cysts

• lith - calculus, stone

  • lithiasis - stone formation

• onc/o - tumor

  • oncogene - gene that causes tumor

• path/o - disease

  • pathogen - organism that produces disease

• py/o - pus

  • pyocyst - a sac or cyst containing pus

• pyr/o, pyret/o - fever, fire

  • pyretic - pertaining to fever

• scler/o - hard

  • sclerosis - hardening of tissue

• tox/o, toxic/o - poison

  • exotoxin - toxin secreted by bacterial cells

• pyrexia - fever (pyr/o)

• intoxicate - poison (toxic/o) or affect with a substance

• empyema - collection of pus (py/o) in a body cavity

• pathology - study of disease (path/o)

• carcinolysis - destruction (-lysis) of cancer cells

• urolith - stone or calculus (-lith) that forms in urinary tract (ur/o)

• oncology - study and treatment of cancer

• pyorrhea - discharge (-rrhea) of pus (py/o)

• arteriosclerosis - hardening (scler/o) of the arteries (arteri/o)

• toxoid - poison, toxin

• algesimeter - used to measure sensitivity to pain

prefixes for disease:

• brady- - slow

  • bradypnea - slow breathing (-pnea)

• dys- - abnormal, painful, difficult

  • dysplasia - abnormal development of tissue

• mal- - bad, poor

  • maladaptive - poorly suited to a specific use or to the environment

• pachy- - thick

  • pachyemia - thickness of the blood (-emia)

• tachy- - rapid

  • tachycardia - rapid heart (cardi/o) rate

• xero- - dry

  • xerosis - dryness of the skin or membranes

dystrophy - poor nourishment of tissue

tachypnea - rapid breathing

bradycardia - slow heart rate

xeroderma - dryness of the skin

dysphagia - difficulty in swallowing

diabetes insipidus - excessive urination caused by inadequate secretion of vasopressin

Diabetes mellitus - a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism characterised by excess sugar in blood.

Dyspepsia - indigestion

Phocomelia - a rare birth defect that can affect the upper and/or lower limbs (limb deformity )

suffixes for disease:

• -algia, -algesia - pain

  • myalgia - pain in a muscle (my/o)

• -cele - hernia, localized dilation

  • hydrocele - localized dilation containing fluid

• -clasis, -clasia - breaking

  • osteoclasis - breaking of a bone (oste/o)

• -itis - inflammation

  • meningitis - inflammation of the membranes around the brain (meninges)

• -megaly - enlargement

  • hepatomegaly - enlargement of the liver (hepat/o)

• -odynia - pain

  • urodynia - pain on urination (ur/o)

• -oma - tumor

  • blastoma - tumor of immature cells (-blast)

• -pathy - any disease of

  • cardiopathy - any disease of the heart (cardi/o)

• -rhage, -rhagia - bursting forth, profuse flow

  • hemorrhage - profuse flow of blood (hem/o)

• -rhea - flow, discharge

  • mucorrhea - discharge of mucus

• -rhexis - rupture

  • amniorrhexis - rupture of the amniotic sac (bag of waters)

• -schisis - fissure, splitting

  • retinoschisis - splitting of the retina of the eye

thoracoschisis - congenital fissure of the chest

adipocele - hernia containing fat

karyoclasis - breaking of a nucleus

lipoma - fatty tumor

melanoma - tumor of pigmented cells

hemorrhagic - pertaining to a profuse flow of blood

hepatorrhexis - rupture of the liver

analgesia - absence of pain

antipyretic - substance that counteracts fever

adenodynia - pain in a gland

words for disease used as suffixes:

• dilation, dilatation - expansion, widening

  • vasodilation - widening of blood vessels (vas/o)

• ectasia, ectasis - dilation

  • bronchiectasis - chronic dilation of bronchus (bronchi/o)

• edema - accumulation of fluid, swelling

  • lymphedema - swelling of tissues as a result of lymphatic blockage

• lysis - separation, loosening, dissolving, destruction

  • dialysis - separation of substances by passage through a membrane

• malacia - softening

  • splenomalacia - softening of the spleen (splen/o)

• necrosis - death of

  • osteonecrosis - death of bone tissue (oste/o)

• ptosis - dropping, downward displacement, prolapse

  • blepharoptosis - drooping of eyelid (blephar/o)

• spasm - sudden contraction, cramp

  • bronchospasm - spasm of a bronchus (bronch/o)

• stasis - suppression, stoppage

  • menostasis - suppression of menstrual (men/o) flow

• stenosis - narrowing, constriction

  • arteriostenosis - narrowing of artery

osteonecrosis - death of bone tissue

craniomalacia - softening of the skull

hemostasis - stoppage of blood flow

gastrectasia - dilatation of the stomach

hemolysis - destruction of blood cells

bronchodilation - widening of bronchus

bronchoedema - accumulation of fluid in or swelling of a bronchus

bronchospasm - sudden contraction of a bronchus

bronchostenosis - narrowing of a bronchus

gastromegaly - enlargement of the stomach

gastritis - inflammation of the stomach

gastropathy - any disease of the stomach

gastrocele - hernia of the stomach

prefixes and roots for infectious diseases:

• staphyl/o - grapelike cluster

  • staphylococcus - a round bacterium that forms clusters

• strept/o - twisted chain

  • streptobacillus - a rod-shaped bacterium that forms chains

• bacill/i, bacill/o - bacillus

  • bacilluria - bacilli in the urine (-uria)

• bacteri/o - bacterium

  • bactericide - agent that kills (-cide) bacteria

• myc/o - fungus, mold

  • mycosis - any disease condition caused by fungus

• vir/o - virus

  • viremia - presence of viruses in the blood (-emia)

virology - study of viruses

mycology - study of fungus

bacteriology - study of bacteria

general terms pertaining to disease:

acid-fast stain - A laboratory staining procedure used mainly to identify the tuberculosis organism

exacerbation - Worsening of disease; increase in severity of a disease or its symptoms

iatrogenic - Caused by the effects of treatment (from Greek root iatro-, meaning “physician”)

idiopathic - Having no known cause

in situ - Localized, noninvasive (literally “in position”); said of tumors that do not spread, such as carcinoma in situ (CIS)

nosocomial - Describing an infection acquired in a hospital (root nos/o means “disease,” and comial refers to a hospital)

opportunistic - Describing an infection that occurs because of a poor or altered condition of the host

remission - A lessening of disease symptoms; the period during which such lessening occurs

septicemia - Presence of pathogenic bacteria in the blood; blood poisoning

systemic - Pertaining to the whole body

manifestations of disease:

abscess - A localized collection of pus

adhesion - A uniting of two surfaces or parts that may normally be separated

anaplasia - Lack of normal differentiation, as shown by cancer cells

ascites - Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

cellulitis - A spreading inflammation of tissue

effusion - Escape of fluid into a cavity or other body part

exudate - Material that escapes from blood vessels as a result of injury to tissues

fissure - A groove or split

fistula - An abnormal passage between two organs or from an organ to the surface of the body

gangrene - Death of tissue, usually caused by lack of blood supply

hyperplasia - Excessive growth of normal cells in normal arrangement

hypertrophy - An increase in size of an organ without increase in the number of cells

induration - Hardening; an abnormally hard spot or place

metaplasia - Conversion of cells to a form that is not normal for that tissue (prefix meta- means “change”)

polyp - A tumor attached by a thin stalk

purulent - Forming or containing pus

suppuration - Pus formation

abbreviations:

CA - cancer

CIS - Carcinoma in situ

FUO - Fever of unknown origin

MRSA - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

staph - Staphylococcus

streph - Streptococcus

VRSA - Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

optometrist - the person who studies eye sight

opt/o - sight

ophthalmologist - study and treatment of disorders and diseases of the eye

grading - describe how abnormal cancer look under a microscope

staging - describe how much the cancer is in the body and how it has spread

sepsis - presence of harmful microorganism of the body

adenocarcinoma - glandular epithelium

sarcoma - malignant neoplasm arising from the connective tissue

carcinoma - epithelial tissue

melanoma - pigmented epithelial cells

mass - tissue ang nidako, malignant

-phage - eat

-phagia - to swallow