SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

A type of tourism that meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunity for the future. It is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social, and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity, and life support system." (UNWTO, 2005)

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs.” (The Brundtland Report, 1987)

KEY CONCEPTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 

• Concept of Needs

• Idea of Limitations

TRIPLE-BOTTOM LINE APPROACH

• Economic

• Environmental

• Social

TOURISM SUSTAINABILITY PRINCIPLES

Enhances the well-being of communities

Protection and enhancement of destination’s resources

Recognizes the importance of product quality and tourist satisfaction

Adopts adequate management and monitoring measures

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM REQUISITES 

• Safety and Security

• Uniqueness

• Socio-cultural Value

• Accessibility

• Political and Community Support

• Infrastructure and Facilities

• Sources of Funds

• Tourism Development

THE JAFARI’S PLATFORM MODEL

The framework of attitudes towards tourism development and impacts which can create potential conflicts between people. 

A useful framework for understanding the emergence and development of sustainable tourism.

FOUR PLATFORMS

• Advocacy

• Cautionary

• Adaptancy

• Knowledge-based

ADVOCACY PLATFORM

• Emerged in 1950s and 1960s 

• Focuses on the benefits of tourism 

• Strong support for mass tourism

CAUTIONARY PLATFORM

• Originated in the early 1970s 

• Emphasizes the costs and negatives of tourism 

• Destination Life Cycle as the key concept

ADAPTANCY PLATFORM

• Emerged in the 1970s and 1980s 

• Focuses on finding solutions to the issues and promoted the concept of “Alternative Tourism” 

• Small-scale operations & developments

KNOWLEDGE-BASED PLATFORM

• Originating in the 1980’s and 1990’s

• Most Holistic Platform

• Bring out the concept of sustainability 

• Guided by principles

JAFARI’S PLATFORM

One of the methods to make an understanding of the tourism industry and its development and management in accordance with the impacts it generates.

THE SUSTAINABLE IMPERATIVE IN TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT 

PRINCIPLES OF TOURISM SUSTAINABILITY 

• Enhances the well=being of communities

• Protection and enhancement of ,s destination’s resources

• Recognizes the importance of product quality and tourist satisfaction

• Adopts adequate management and monitoring measures 

IMPACT

• A change in a given state over time as the result of an external stimulus (Hall and Lew, 2009)

TOURISM IMPACT 

• An effect brought directly or indirect;y by tourism policies, tourism-related establishments and infrastructure, and tourist behavior

SCOPE OF TOURISM IMPACT

• Environmental

• Economic

• Socio-cultural

TOURISM IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT 

• Land Degradation

• Waste Production

• Pollution

• Climate Change

• Habitat Fragmentation 

• Animal Species Extinction

• Tourism Impacts on Coral Reefs

• Beach Encroachment and Crowding

TOURISM IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY

Direct Effects

• Produced when tourists spend for such commodities

Indirect Effects

• Comes in the form of investments in tourism, government spending in tourism, and the effect of purchase from supplies

Induced Effects

• The collective spending by direct and indirect employees

DETERMINANTS OF ECONOMIC IMPACT 

• Economic Diversification

• Strength of Lnkages

• Seasonality

• Quality of Human Resources

TOURISM IMPACTS ON CULTURE AND SOCIETY

• Tourism has the potential to change societies 

• Tourism is a medium for the transmission, as well as the transformation of cultural domains

THREE MAIN CATEGORIES OF SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM 

• Tourism Development 

• Tourism-Host Interaction

• Key Cultural Impacts

LESSON REGARDING SUSTAINABLE TOURISM 

Lewis and Hall identifies certain “lessons” regarding sustainable tourism that players need to understand in order to make sustainability principles work:

• Sustainable tourism represents a value orientation in which the management of tourism impacts takes precedence over market economics.

• Implementing sustainable tourism development requires measures that are both scale and context specific 

• Sustainable tourism issues are shaped by global economic restructuring and are fundamentally different in developing and developed countries. 

• At the community scale, sustainable tourism required local control of resources

• Sustainable tourism development requires patience, diligence and long term commitment. 

MINIMALIST & COMPREHENSIVE VIEWS OF SUSTAINABILITY

MINIMALIST MODEL OF SUSTAINABILITY

• Emphasizes superficial learning opportunities focused on charismatic megafauna, while its sustainability objectives are site-specific and status quo-oriented

COMPREHENSIVE MODEL OF SUSTAINABILITY  

• Adopts a holistic and global approach to that fosters environment enhancement, deep understanding, and transformation of behavior 

MINIMALIST VS. COMPREHENSIVE

MINIMALIST

• Site specific or local focus

• Short term effects of tourism

• Direct impacts only

• Status quo sustainability 

COMPREHENSIVE

• Regional or global focus 

• Long Term effects of tourism

• Direct, indirect, and induced impacts

• Enhancement Sustainability

INDICATORS OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM  (EUROPEAN TOURISM INDICATOR SYSTEM)

• Destination Management 

• Economic Value

• Social and Cultural

• Environmental

DESTINATION MANAGEMENT CORE INDICATORS

• Sustainable tourism public policy

• Sustainable tourism management in tourism enterprises

• Customer satisfaction 

• Information and Communication

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PUBLIC POLICY

• Multi-year and consider environmental, social, quality, health, and safety issues 

• Clear and time-bound goals, and developed with the participation of relevant stakeholders

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN TOURISM ENTERPRISES

• Assesses the extent to which tourism establishments are actively incorporating sustainability principles into their operations

CUSTOMER SATISFACTION

• A crucial component of sustainable destination management because satisfied customers result in return visits, multiplied economic value, and more jobs.

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

• Related to how DMO’s explore opportunities to raise tourists awareness of sustainability issues and provide marketing advantage through promotional materials

ECONOMIC VALUE CORE INDICATORS

• Tourism Flow

• Tourism enterprises performance

• Quantity and quality of employment

• Tourism supply chain

TOURISM FLOW AT DESTINATION (VOLUME AND VALUE)

• The level of tourist enditure reflects the efficiency of the tourist destination at generating tourism value

TOURISM ENTERPRISE PERFORMANCE 

• The average length of stay of tourists in terms of nights and occupancy rates, is another core indicator of economic sustainability 

QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF EMPLOYMENT

• Employment generation is one of the most desired effects of tourism 

• Besides the sheer volume of jobs created, the jobs must also be of good quality 

TOURISM SUPPLY CHAIN

• Analyzes the integration of tourism businesses with local products and supplier of tourism-related goods and services

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CORE INDICATORS 

COMMUNITY AND SOCIAL IMPACT

• Measured by the visitor to resident ratio

• Resident satisfaction is influenced by the level of tourism flow

GENDER EQUALITY AND SOCIAL EQUITY

• Providing satisfactory employment to all genders

• Providing access to all including PWD

PROTECTION AND ENHANCEMENT 

• Preserving heritage building, music, and festivals helps enhance the cultural identity and pride of a place 

ENVIRONMENTAL CORE INDICATORS

REDUCING TRANSPORT IMPACT

• Shortening travel time an distances between the places of origins of tourists and destinations 

• Encouraging the use of environment-friendly transportation 

IMPACT ON CLIMATE CHANGE

• Climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND SEWAGE TREATMENT 

• Waste volume produced by destination 

• Improper Treatment of effluent can cause environmental and health problems

WATER MANAGEMENT 

• The tourism sector uses water intensively which is a critical resource for tourism

ENERGY USAGE 

• Energy use has implication on climate change and economic sustainability 

LANDSCAPE AND BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION

• Ensures the sustainability of natural areas

 LIGHT AND NOISE POLLUTION

• Policies for lighting and noise levels must be considered

BATHING WATER QUALITY 

• The quality and safety of water bodies is important for tourism appeal