Untitled Flashcards Set

Biology

Examples

The skin is lateral to the muscles

The elbow is superior to the wrist

The ears are posterior to the nose

The spinal column is proximal to the lungs

Dorsal (Posterior) Cavity

• Cranial Cavity

—> Contains the brain

• Vertebral Cavity

—> Contains the spinal card

Ventral (Anterior) Cavity

Thoracic Cavity

—> Contains the heart, lungs, trachea, and upper esophagus

—> Has a cavity within it called the Pericardial Cavity, which is the space between the pericardial membranes that surround the heart

—> Has another cavity within it called the Pleural Cavities which is the space between the pleural membranes that surround the lungs

Abdominopelvic Cavity

—> Contains upper and lower portion

—> Abdominal Cavity contains the liver, gallbladder, stomach, pancreas, intestines, spleen, kidneys, and ureters

—> Pelvic Cavity contains the bladder, certain reproductive organs, and a part of the large intestine

Plasma Membrane

• A flexible, protective barrier around a cell. It controls what enters and leaves, keeping the inside environment stable

• It is like a security gate for the cell, deciding what gets in and out to keep everything running smoothly

Structure

• It is made of a phospholipid bilayer, which means two layers of fat-like molecules. These molecules have :

—> Hydrophilic Heads (water-loving) that face outward

—> Hydrophobic Tails (water-fearing) that face inward

• Proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates are also part of the membrane, helping with structure, communication, and structure

Function

• Selective Barrier

—> Only allows certain substances in and out

• Communication

—> Proteins help the cell interact with signals and other cells

• Transport

—> Some molecules pass freely, while others need protein channels

• Support and Shape

—> Provides structure and flexibility

Types of Transport

Passive Transport (No Energy Required)

• Molecules move from high to low concentration (down their gradient)

• Stuff moves naturally from high to low concentration, like rolling downhill

1. Simple Diffusion

—> Small things (like oxygen) squeeze through the membrane on their own

—> Small, non-polar molecules (like oxygen and carbon dioxide) pass directly through the membrane

1. Osmosis

—> Water moves to balance things out (like how a sponge absorbs water)

—> The movement of water across the membrane to balance concentrations

1. Facilitated Diffusion

—> Bigger or charged stuff (like sugar) needs a helper protein to get through

—> Larger or charged molecules (like glucose or ions) move through protein channels or carrier proteins since they cannot pass through the lipid bilayer

Active Transport (Energy Required)

• Molecules move from low to high concentration (against their gradient)

• Stuff moves against the flow from low to high concentration, like walking uphill

1. Protein Pumps

—> Special proteins push molecules in or out (like a revolving door using energy)

—> Membrane proteins use ATP to push molecules against their concentration gradient

1. Endocytosis

—> The cell swallows big stuff by wrapping around it

—> The cell engulfs large molecules or liquids into vesicles

—> Phagocytosis, the cell eating pokemon

—> Pinocytosis, the cell drinking pokemon

1. Exocytosis

—> The cell spits out stuff it does not need (like throwing out trash)

—> The cell releases large molecules by fusing vesicles with the membrane (such as releasing hormones or waste)

Solutions and Their Effects on Cells

1. Isotonic Solution

—> Equal concentration inside and outside; water moves in and out equally (cell stays the same)

1. Hypotonic Solution

—> Less solute outside the cell; water enters, making the cell swell

1. Hypertonic Solution

—> More solute outside the cell; water leaves, causing the cell to shrink

Names and Functions of Organelles

1. Nucleus (Hokage)

—> Just like the Hokage leads and makes important decisions for Konoha, the nucleus controls the cell and contains its “rulebook,” also known as DNA

1. Nucleolus (Ninja Academy)

—> The nucleolus trains and produces ribosomes, just like the Ninja Academy trains students to become shinobi

1. Ribosomes (Genin)

—> Ribosomes create proteins, just like Genin perform missions that support the village

—> Some work independently (free ribosomes), while others work with the Rough ER (team missions)

1. Rough Endoplasmic Recticulum - Rough ER (Jounin Sensei)

—> Rough ER has ribosomes attached, helping them modify and transport proteins, just like Jounin Sensei guide Genin in missions

1. Smooth Endoplasmic Recticulum - Smooth ER (Medics and Intel Division)

—> Smooth ER does not have ribosomes but makes lipids (fats) and detoxifies substances

—> Like medical ninja making healing ointments and the Intel Division analysing toxins

1. Golgi Apparatus (Postal Ninja and Supply Department)

—> Golgi packages, modifies, and sends out proteins, just like ninja couriers and the Supply Division handle mission supplies and scrools

1. Mitochondria (Chakra System)

—> The powerhouse of the cell

—> Provides energy (ATP), just like chakra fuels all ninja techniques

—> More active ninja (cells) need more chakra (mitochondria)

1. Lysosomes (ANBU)

—> Breaks down waste, destroys invaders, and recycles materials, just like how the ANBU handles threats secretly

1. Peroxisomes (Poison and Antidote Experts)

—> Breaks down toxic substances, like how poison specialists create antidotes

1. Vacuole (Storage Scrolls and Water Reservoirs)

—> Animal Cells

• Small vacuoles store food and waste, like scrolls storing weapons

—> Plant Cells

• Large vacuoles hold water, like the Hidden Mist’s water reserves

1. Cytoplasm (Konoha, the Environment Where Everything Occurs)

—> A gel-like substance that fills the cell and surrounds all the organelles

—> It is like the land, roads, and open space of Konoha, where shinobi live, train, and move around

—> Just like how Konoha supports its ninja, the cytoplasm provides a medium where all cell activities happen, keeping everything in place while allowing movement

Cell Metabolism

Cellular Respiration

• The process of oxidising food molecules (glucose) and reducing ions to produce ATP

—> Takes place in the cytoplasm (Konoha) and mitochondria (chakra system)

—> When done in the presence of oxygen, it is called aerobic respiration

Aerobic Respiration

• More efficient and used when oxygen is available

Anaerobic Respiration

• A backup method, only used when oxygen is low, leads to fatigue due to byproducts

ATP

• The energy currency of the cell

—> Can be described as the body’s battery that stores energy for cells

—> A molecule that stores and transfers energy within the cell