Introduction to Psychology

Introduction to Psychology

  • Overview of Psychology

    • Field of psychology includes the scientific study of behavior and mental processes of both humans and animals.

    • Common perceptions of psychologists as therapists engaging in talk therapy.

    • Importance of discussing varied perspectives and misconceptions about psychology.

  • Memes and Humor in Learning

    • Use of humorous memes (e.g., "zombie therapy") to engage students and lighten classroom atmosphere.

Defining Psychology

  • Definition of Psychology

    • "Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes."

    • Focus mainly on humans but also includes the study of animals due to relevant behaviors and mental processes.

  • Characteristics of Psychology

    • Scientific Foundation:

    • Follows the scientific method, including experimentation and observation.

    • Theories are developed, tested, and revised based on empirical evidence.

    • Behavior vs. Mental Processes:

    • Behavior: Observable actions (e.g., fidgeting could imply anxiety).

    • Mental Processes (Cognitions): Internal experiences (thoughts, feelings, motives) that cannot be directly observed (e.g., anxiety experienced but not visible).

Psychological Frame of Mind

  • Four Elements of Psychological Thinking

    • Critical Thinking: Analyzing and evaluating information beyond surface-level understanding.

    • Example: Avoiding snap judgments about behaviors based on limited observation.

    • Skepticism: Maintaining doubt and questioning claims to avoid gullibility.

    • Emphasized in the context of consuming information in modern media.

    • Objectivity: Ensuring personal biases or emotions do not cloud judgment.

    • Example: Avoiding personal investment in research findings to maintain objectivity.

    • Curiosity: Openness to new ideas and knowledge; willingness to explore and investigate unexpected findings.

Historical Context of Psychology

  • Founding figures:

    • William Wundt:

    • Established the first psychology lab in 1879.

    • Focused on Structuralism: Understanding the structures of the mind through introspection.

    • William James:

    • Advocated for Functionalism: Exploring the functions of mental processes and behavior in adaptation to the environment.

    • Influence of Charles Darwin:

    • Introduction of evolutionary ideas affecting behavioral understanding through natural selection.

  • Key Figures in Early Psychology

    • Historical focus on white males; underrepresentation of minorities.

    • Contributions of women and people of color recognized, such as:

    • Mary Whiton Calkins: First woman president of the APA.

    • Charles Henry Turner: First African American to conduct psychological research.

    • Inez Beverly Prosser: First African American woman to receive a PhD in psychology, studied the impacts of segregation on mental health.

Modern Approaches in Psychology

  • Overview of Contemporary Psychological Approaches:

    • Emphasis on various perspectives that influence understanding of behavior and mental processes.

  • Key Approaches Explained:

    • Biological Approach:

    • Examines the physical basis of behavior, including brain and nervous system. Considers genetics, neuroanatomy, and biochemistry.

    • Behavioral Approach:

    • Focuses on observable behavior and environmental determinants (reinforcement/punishment). Developed by figures such as Ivan Pavlov and John Watson.

    • Psychodynamic Approach:

    • Based on Freud's theories, it explores the influence of unconscious motives from childhood on behavior and emotional conflicts.

    • Humanistic Approach:

    • Highlights positive human qualities and free will (Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow). Focuses on personal growth and self-actualization.

    • Cognitive Approach:

    • Studies mental processes like memory, perception, and problem-solving, likening the brain to an information processing system.

    • Evolutionary Psychology:

    • Investigates how evolution and natural selection shape behaviors and mental processes, linking to survival.

    • Sociocultural Approach:

    • Considers how culture and social context impact behavior and mental processes, highlighting cultural and societal influences.

Careers in Psychology

  • Common Psychological Career Paths:

    • Many psychologists work in healthcare settings, clinical roles, or private practice.

    • Specializations such as educational, school, forensic, and industrial-organizational psychology.

  • Diversity in the Field:

    • Significant increase in female psychologists; demographic shifts in the profession observed.

    • Importance of addressing diversity in representation within psychology.

    • Research and Academia:

    • Professors engage in teaching and research, contributing to academic knowledge.

    • Understanding the career trajectory required education and licensure, emphasizing long-term commitment to becoming a psychologist.

Conclusion: Chapter Review

  • Key Questions to Reflect On:

    • What is psychology?

    • What roles do foundational figures like Wundt and James play in modern psychology?

    • What are the implications of contemporary approaches on psychological practice and research?

    • Recognizing various areas of specialization and how they align with psychological theories discussed throughout the semester.

  • Overall Goal: Understanding psychology in its comprehensive and varied forms, essential for continued learning throughout the course.