640 - 647 (Assign 15)

Women's Rights Movement

• Focused on women's rights to vote, education, professional opportunities, and public affairs participation.

• Limited success in the 19th century; increased female education but no voting rights.

• Social reformers laid the groundwork for future social changes in the 20th century.

Olympe de Gouges

• Authored the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in 1791, challenging gender inequality in the revolutionary context.

• Argued for women's equality and full participation in society.

• Executed for treason in 1793 for her radical views.

• Key Articles from the Declaration:

  • Article 1: Women are born free and equal in rights.

  • Article 2: Political association's purpose is the conservation of rights for all.

  • Article 3: National sovereignty rests with both men and women.

  • Article 4: Natural rights limit only by male tyranny.

  • Article 6: Law should express the general will, equal for all.

  • Article 13: Equal contributions to public expenses and duties.

  • Article 17: Property rights are equal for both sexes.

Nationalism in Europe

• The Enlightenment ideas inspired political revolutions; national identities formed as a reaction.

• Revolutionary wars fostered a sense of community and distinct national identities.

• Nationalism defined the focus of political loyalty; led to conflicts and wars for independence.

Cultural Nationalism

• Johann Gottfried von Herder emphasized unique community experiences and historical scholarship.

• Brothers Grimm collected folk tales as expressions of German culture.

Political Nationalism

• Nationalist leaders sought independent states; Giuseppe Mazzini promoted Italian unification through Young Italy.

• Nationalist movements emerged across Europe by mid-19th century.

Anti-Semitism and Zionism

• Anti-Semitism escalated in late 19th-century Europe, leading to pogroms in Russia and France.

• Theodor Herzl inspired Zionism as a response, seeking a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.

• The Zionist movement began to take shape in the late 19th century, leading to significant Jewish migration to Palestine.

Revolutions and National Unification

• The Congress of Vienna attempted to restore previous regimes; revolution waves occurred throughout the 19th century.

• Key figures in nationalist movements:

  • Cavour combined forces for Italian unification.

  • Garibaldi led campaigns in southern Italy.

• Otto von Bismarck utilized Realpolitik to unify Germany through wars and national sentiment.

Nationalist Sentiment Outcomes

• National states fostered identity through flags, anthems, and education.

• By the end of the 19th century, the national state became dominant in political organization.