English 2 Unit 5

5.01

Select the adverb clause from the drop-down menu to complete the sentence.

The red panda is an endangered species-

even though laws protect it.

Select the relative clause from the drop-down menu to complete the sentence.

The Tasmanian tiger was a dog-like creature from the island of Tasmania-

which was home to many other extinct species.

OR

which got its name from its striped coat,

Select the clause from the drop-down menu to correctly complete the sentence.

Today, we used the boat ________ instead of the other boat.

that our grandfather built

Select the word that the relative clause modifies in the sentence.

The ushers, whom the manager paid to be friendly, did not treat the theater-goers properly.

ushers

Which revision of these two sentences uses an adverb clause?

The girl finally woke up. The girl was hot and thirsty.

When the girl finally woke up, she was hot and thirsty.

Select the adverb clause from the drop-down menu to complete the sentence.

Scientists raised the black-footed ferrets in captivity

until the ferrets could return to the wild.

Select the clause from the drop-down menu to correctly complete the sentence.

Only the players _________ are going to get sunburned today.

who did not put on sunscreen

Select the word that the adverb clause modifies in this sentence.

Our family worked on a 5,000-piece jigsaw puzzle because we wanted a fun challenge.

worked

Which revision of these two sentences uses a relative clause?

The orchestra was seated on stage. They played a difficult score.

The orchestra that was seated on stage played a difficult score.

Select the adverb clause from the drop-down menu to complete the sentence.

_______ the pangolin is possibly the most endangered animal in the world.

Because some people hunt it for its scales,

The thylacine, ________ was a dog-like creature unique to the island of Tasmania.

which was also called the Tasmanian tiger,

Select the clause from the drop-down menu to correctly complete the sentence.

The StarSong music label _________ is refusing to sign the new band's contract.

,which is located in a big city,

Select the word that the adverb clause modifies in this sentence.

We can't remember where we packed the tent stakes, in the tote bag or under the seat of the car.

remember

Which revision of these two sentences uses an adverb clause?

A tiger raised the puppy. But people were able to train the puppy well.

Even though a tiger raised the puppy, people were able to train the puppy well.

5.02

Poetic Devices
artistic techniques to enhance writing

-End Rhyme
-Repetition
-Consonance
-Internal Rhyme
-Alliteration
-Assonance

End Rhyme

-word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line
-two in a row - couplet

Repetition

same word or phrase several times within a poem.
Ex.Another fight with my best friend.
Another day on my own.
Another night that I must spend.
Alone. Alone. Alone.

Consonance

repetition of consonantsin nearby non-rhyming words
Ex. Lynn wanted her dinner to turn out unique.

Couplet

Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme
Ex.This is a couplet. It features end rhyme.
You'll read poems like this one time after time.

Internal Rhyme

when word in middle of line rhymes with word at end or nearby word.
Ex. If you feel you must trust him just listen to me.
He seems nice but look twice 'cause there's much more to see.

Alliteration

repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of nearby words.
Ex.Nobody knows the nervousness
I have hidden here in my heart.

Assonance

repetition of vowel sounds in nearby nonrhyming words.
Ex.My lIfe is a star shIning brIght all the time.

Poetic Structure

-Quatrain
-Couplet
-Line Break

Quatrain

A four line stanza

Line Break

Where a line of poetry ends

Edgar Allan Poe "The Raven"
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,
Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore—
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,
As of someone gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.

-internal rhyme quickens poem's pace
(the reader begins to anticipate it)
-end rhyme creates structure by providing the stopping point for each thought.

Robert Louis Stevenson's "The Rain"
The rain is raining all around,
It falls on field and tree.
It rains on the umbrellas here,
And on the ships at sea.

-repetition (rain feels like a steady storm)
-alliteration (helps the poem flow)

"Fire and Ice," Robert Frost
From what I've tasted of desire
I hold with those who favor fire.

-consonance repeating sinteresting beat. -assonance repeating ay & oh speeds up or slows down the rhythm of a line.

1. There's a beast deep inside me who pleads for release.
2. He's a demon determined to disrupt the peace.
3 .He's dark and demented: A deranged evil twin.
4. He's a creature that I call The Monster Within.

5. He talks loud and picks fights and he breaks every rule.
6. He mocks friends and cracks jokes that are wicked and cruel.
7. I take all of the blame. It's a shame and a sin.
8. How he haunts me and taunts me: The Monster Within.

4 quatrains
2 couplets
1. Consonance (beast, deep, me, pleads, release)
2. Alliteration (demon, determined, disrupt..)
5-6. Consonance (talks, picks, breaks, mocks..)
7-8. Internal Rhyme (blame/shame, haunts/taunts)A line of poetry

words in single row. Can be:
-complete sentence with capitals / punctuation.
-portion of a sentence.
-single word
Poetry gives freedom to choose line breaks to enhance meaning, rhythm, emotion

Why Poets Use Stanzas

-to create a fixed pattern of rhymes or lines
-to group similar ideas or emotions together
-to show a change in tone, focus, or time
-to indicate a pause or suggest a silence
-to present a unique visual arrangement

Stanza

-group of lines that divide poem into sections.
-may be any length with any rhythm
-Once first stanza is established, the rest usually repeat same length and style.
-provide structure for the poets to present ideas in clear and creative ways.

5.04

What is the connotative meaning of the phrase "threw wild hands toward the sky" in Stanza 1?

It connotes the helplessness and fear of the man in the face of death.

What statement best explains the impact of the phrase “All went lame; all blind” in Stanza 1 of the poem?

It suggests that no soldier escapes the hell of war.

Reread these lines from the poem:

There will come soft rains and the smell of the ground,
And swallows circling with their shimmering sound;

What is the effect of the figurative language on the tone of the poem?

It develops a soothing tone, as the alliteration provides a soft rhythm.

Refer to Explorations in Literature for a complete version of this poem.

In Wilfred Owen's poem "Dulce et Decorum Est," the speaker describes "the hoots of the gas shells," as if the gas shells are human beings capable of calling out.

What effect does this personification have on the description?

It creates the feeling that the deadly weapons are mocking their victims.

Refer to Explorations in Literature for a complete version of this poem.

Read these lines from "War is Kind" by Stephen Crane.

Hoarse, booming drums of the regiment,

Little souls who thirst for fight,

These men were born to drill and die.

How do these lines evoke a sense of the time and place in which this poem is set?

The reference to the "booming drums of the regiment" indicates that this section of the poem depicts a battle and takes place during a time when military drums were still used during conflict.

We have an expert-written solution to this problem!

Refer to Explorations in Literature for a complete version of this poem.

Read these lines from "Beat! Beat! Drums!" by Walt Whitman.

Into the solemn church, and scatter the congregation,

Into the school where the scholar is studying...

What impact does alliteration have on these lines?

Select each correct answer.

It creates a sense of unity among the actions shown.

It increases the strength of the verse's forward movement.

5.05

What is a seminal work?

a work that is the basis for important ideas and that influences later works

Why do authors and speakers consider their audiences when crafting a text or a speech?

to choose language that will persuade the audience

to gain the audience's interest in the topic

Why do writers provide evidence to support the big ideas they wish to convey to audiences?

to demonstrate that the ideas aren't just the author's opinion but are factually convincing

rhetorical device

Definition: a technique that a writer or speaker uses to make a point; includes techniques such as parallel structure, allusion, repetition, figurative language, imagery, refrain, quotation, and first-person-plural mode of address

Example: The politician effectively included rhetorical devices in his speech. He repeated the phrase "the future we deserve" at least five times during the speech, which made him more relatable to the audience and clarified the purpose of his speech. He also established credibility and a sense of patriotism by quoting Abraham Lincoln and Franklin Roosevelt.

claim

Definition: an idea, opinion, or assertion presented in an argument

Example: Communities need to do more to encourage people to adopt environmentally friendly behaviors.

ethos

Definition: a mode of persuasion in which the language and descriptions used are intended to convince an audience that an author is credible and trustworthy

Example: An endorsement for toothpaste: As a dentist, I want my patients to have the strongest and healthiest teeth. As a father, it is my job to encourage my children to brush regularly. This toothpaste is terrific for strong, healthy teeth—and my kids love it!

The speaker uses his credentials as a dentist and a parent, ethos, to establish his credibility and promote the toothpaste.

pathos

Definition: a mode of persuasion in which the language and descriptions used by an author appeal to an audience's emotions

Example: A public service announcement for animal adoption: A three-minute video clip shows several scenes of abandoned animals interspersed with scenes of pets and people happily interacting.

The public service announcement evokes pity for the animals and also shows how fulfilling life is for people with pets. It uses pathos to appeal to people's emotions and motivate them to adopt an animal.

logos

Definition: a mode of persuasion in which the language and descriptions used by an author appeal to an audience's sense of reason and logic

Example: Excerpt from a presentation promoting healthy sleep habits for good health: As part of a health survey for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , about 7-19 percent of adults in the United States reported not getting enough rest or sleep every day.

The presenter uses statistical information from a credible government agency, logos, to demonstrate that sleep deprivation is a problem that needs to be addressed.

allusion

Definition: a brief reference to a significant literary, historical, or cultural person, place, event, or statement used to make an idea more easily understood

Examples: A girl meets an interesting boy at a party, but her curfew is midnight. They talk up to the very last moment, and as she hurriedly gathers her things to go, she leaves something of hers behind and the boy finds it.

This story alludes to the fairy tale of "Cinderella."

Why is it important to understand the allusions and sources in a seminal work?

Understanding the allusions and sources in a seminal work leads to a deeper understanding of the work itself and an appreciation for the works that it builds upon.

Rhetorical Devices

Comparing and contrasting

Presenting opposites
(antithesis)

Repetition

Asking and answering a question
(hypophora)

What are rhetorical devices?

techniques that an author or speaker uses to have a particular effect on an audience

Appeals

Ethos: a method of persuasion in which the language used is intended to convince an audience that an author is credible and trustworthy

Logos: a method of persuasion in which the language used by an author appeals to an audience's sense of reason and logic

Pathos: a method of persuasion in which the language used by an author appeals to an audience's emotions

What should you look for when reading an argument or opinion piece?

Read carefully and critically to find the claim, which is the idea, opinion, or assertion behind the argument. Then evaluate the claim to see if it is credible, accurate, and supported by relevant evidence.

5.06

Who is FDR speaking to?

a group of politicians

Why does FDR say that he's addressing Congress at "a moment unprecedented in the history of the Union"?

because America's security has never been threatened before

What is the constitutional duty that FDR is fulfilling?

giving Congress information on the state of the union

"Those, who would give up essential liberty to purchase a little temporary safety, deserve neither liberty nor safety."

What does this mean?

People who believe safety is more important than freedom don't deserve freedom or safety.

What does FDR ask Congress for? Select each correct answer.

appropriations and authorizations to carry out plans for war

appropriations and authorization for to manufacture munitions

According to FDR, what basic things do the American people expect?

equal opportunity for all


jobs for those who can work


security for those who need it

What are the Four Freedoms FDR highlights in his speech?

Freedom of Speech

Freedom of Worship

Freedom of Fear

Freedom of Want

5.07: Rhetoric and Arguments: "Four Freedoms" B

critical listening

Definition: examining and evaluating content while listening

Example: You listen critically when you hear a song and think about why you like it or dislike it. You also critically listen when you listen to a speaker and think about whether his or her ideas make sense.

sufficient

Definition: adequate, enough

Examples: You might have sufficient strength to lift a barbell. You might have sufficient water to grow a garden.

claim

Definition: an idea, opinion, or assertion presented in an argument

Examples:
Communities need to do more to encourage environmentally friendly behaviors in their residents.

This could be the central claim of an essay or speech.

evidence

Definition: a specific detail, such as a fact or expert opinion, that supports a reason

Example:
The essay argues that the 1930s were a time of great architectural achievement in the western United States. The Golden Gate Bridge and Hoover Dam were two great feats of engineering that were completed in the 1930s. The essay cites an expert in architectural history who provides a list of at least eight other "wonders of architecture and engineering," all built during this decade.

Two types of evidence are presented: specific details about the Golden Gate Bridge and Hoover Dam, as well as expert opinion about the list of architectural wonders.

charged language

Definition: words intended to provoke an emotional response, frequently used in argument and persuasive writing

Examples:
Damian's brother said: "I want to watch my favorite show. Those sports highlights are a waste of time. You'd be much better off watching something educational. Don't you agree, Dad?"

Waste of time is an example of charged language. Damian's brother is attempting to persuade their dad that watching sports highlights is not worthwhile.

credible

Definition: trustworthy and reliable

Examples:
In spite of my protests, my mom simply did not find it credible that I accidentally deleted my homework when I was trying to swat a mosquito.

The research paper makes some startling claims about the inner workings of Lincoln's presidential campaign, but the claims are supported by credible evidence.

What are some of the questions you can ask yourself as you work to listen actively and critically?

What do I know about the speaker and the topic ahead of time? What is the main message or argument? What is the speaker's purpose? How is the message organized? What evidence is the speaker using to support her message? How well is the speaker supporting her message? Is there anything the speaker is conveying through voice quality or body language?

How can you identify a speaker's viewpoint?

Identify a speaker's viewpoint by looking for charged language, "I" statements, calls to action, or strong arguments.

What is a claim in a speech or presentation?

A claim is an idea, opinion, or assertion a speaker presents in an argument.

What do listeners need to consider when critically evaluating a speaker's argument or position?

5.08

Read the excerpt from Franklin D. Roosevelt's "Four Freedoms Speech," and then consider the four-framed image.

How does the printed text compare to the image?

While Roosevelt describes freedom from fear in geopolitical and military terms, the image depicts it in a simpler and more positive way.

OR

While Roosevelt stresses that freedom from want must be ensured across the globe, the image depicts that freedom in a more traditionally American context.

OR

While the text describes each freedom in more general terms, the image provides specific and evocative visual representations of each freedom described.

Read this passage from "Four Freedoms Speech" by Franklin D. Roosevelt.

A part of the sacrifice means the payment of more money in taxes. In my Budget Message I shall recommend that a greater portion of this great defense program be paid for from taxation than we are paying today. No person should try, or be allowed, to get rich out of this program; and the principle of tax payments in accordance with ability to pay should be constantly before our eyes to guide our legislation.

Based on this passage, what is Roosevelt's view on taxes?

People should be taxed according to how much money they have.

OR

Tax increases should apply to the wealthy as well as to everyone else.

Read this passage from "Four Freedoms Speech" by Franklin D. Roosevelt.

As a nation, we may take pride in the fact that we are soft-hearted; but we cannot afford to be soft-headed.

We must always be wary of those who with sounding brass and a tinkling cymbal preach the "ism" of appeasement.

How does Roosevelt's use of rhetoric in this excerpt advance his viewpoint?

By using parallel structure, Roosevelt draws attention to the reasons he is concerned about the dictators who have taken power in parts of Europe.

OR

By using musical imagery, Roosevelt condemns the emptiness of the efforts made by those who support appeasement.

In "Four Freedoms Speech," how does Roosevelt develop his idea about the country's obligation to other democracies?

By using language that emphasizes rights, dignity, justice, and morality, Roosevelt suggests that America should help nations where these are threatened.

What was one of Churchill's purposes for writing "The Sinews of Peace"?

To warn America and the world about the threat that the Soviet Union and the rise of communism posed to freedom and peace.

OR

to emphasize the importance of the American and British governments forging a "special relationship" to establish and maintain peace

How does Churchill use rhetoric to advance his purpose in this section of "The Sinews of Peace"?

Churchill asked a rhetorical question so that he can then express what he sees as the goal that must be shared by all free nations: the security, the safety, and the freedom of everyone in the entire world.

OR

Churchill uses a metaphor that compares the newly formed United Nations to a temple, thereby strengthening his argument that the UN's mission to secure peace and maintain freedom is a moral and ethical one that must be supported.

In "Four Freedoms Speech," how does Roosevelt make his ideas about the relationship between the individual and society clear?

By identifying goals for society before he asks individuals to provide anything, Roosevelt links the achievement of those goals to the contributions of citizens.