End of Year Exam Topics Review

Biology: Breathing and Digestion

• Breathing: The process of inhaling and exhaling air.
• Gas Exchange: The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs and other tissues.
• Lung Disease: Diseases affecting the lungs, such as asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema.
• Nutrients: Substances that provide nourishment essential for growth and the maintenance of life.
• Food Tests: Experiments to identify the presence of specific nutrients in food samples.
• Balanced Diets: Diets containing the correct proportions of nutrients to maintain health.
• The Digestive System: The system responsible for breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the body.
• Enzymes in Digestion: Biological catalysts that speed up the breakdown of food molecules during digestion.

Respiration and Photosynthesis

• Aerobic Respiration: Respiration using oxygen to produce energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
• Anaerobic Respiration: Respiration without oxygen, producing less energy and different byproducts (e.g., lactic acid or ethanol).
• Fermentation: A type of anaerobic respiration.
• Investigating Fermentation: Experiments to study the process of fermentation.
• Photosynthesis: The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
• Investigating Photosynthesis: Experiments to study the process of photosynthesis.
• Leaves: The primary site of photosynthesis in plants.
• Transport in Plants: The movement of water, minerals, and sugars throughout the plant.
• Plant Minerals: Essential minerals required for plant growth and development.

Evolution and Inheritance

• Evolution: The process by which species change over time.
• Extinction: The disappearance of a species from Earth.
• Variation: Differences in characteristics within a population.
• DNA: The molecule that carries genetic information.
• Inheritance: The passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring.

Chemistry

The Periodic Table

• Atoms: The basic building blocks of matter.
• Elements: Substances consisting of only one type of atom.
• Compounds: Substances formed from two or more elements chemically combined.
• The Periodic Table: A table organizing elements by their atomic number and chemical properties.
• Metals and Non-Metals: Two main categories of elements with distinct properties.
• Polymers: Large molecules made up of repeating subunits.
• Ceramics and Composites: Materials with specific properties and applications.

Energy Changes

• Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions: Reactions that release heat (exothermic) or absorb heat (endothermic).
• Exothermic Reactions: Chemical reactions that release energy in the form of heat.
• Catalysts: Substances that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.
• Combustion: A chemical process involving rapid reaction between a substance with an oxidant, usually oxygen, to produce heat and light.
• Thermal Decomposition: The breakdown of a substance by heat.
• Physical and Chemical Changes: Changes that alter the form or appearance of a substance (physical) versus changes that alter the chemical composition (chemical).

Climate and The Earth’s Resources

• The Earth’s Atmosphere: The layer of gases surrounding the Earth.
• The Carbon Cycle: The process by which carbon is exchanged among the atmosphere, land, and oceans.
• The Greenhouse Effect: The trapping of heat by gases in the Earth’s atmosphere.
• The Earth’s Resources: Natural resources found on Earth, such as minerals, water, and fossil fuels.
• Reduce, Reuse and Recycle: Strategies for minimizing waste and conserving resources.
• Plastic Pollution: The accumulation of plastic waste in the environment.
• Extracting Metals: The process of obtaining metals from their ores.

Physics

Force and Pressure

• Forces: Interactions that can change the motion of an object.
• Resultant Forces: The net force acting on an object.
• Elasticity: The ability of a material to return to its original shape after being deformed.
• Extension of a Spring: The increase in length of a spring when a force is applied.
• Pressure on a Solid: The force applied perpendicularly to the surface of an object per unit area. P = \frac{F}{A}
• Pressure in a Fluid: The force exerted by a fluid per unit area. P = \rho g h
• Floating and Sinking: The behavior of objects in fluids based on their density.

Electromagnets

• Magnets: Objects that produce a magnetic field.
• Magnetic Fields: Regions around a magnet where magnetic forces are exerted.
• Electromagnetism: The interaction between electric currents and magnetic fields.
• Electromagnets: Magnets created by electric currents.

Work and Heating

• Work Done: The energy transferred when a force causes displacement. W = F \cdot d
• Making Work Easier: Using simple machines to reduce the force required to do work.

Heat Energy

• Heat Transfer: The movement of thermal energy from one place to another.
• Conductors and Insulators: Materials that allow heat to flow easily (conductors) or resist heat flow (insulators).
• Insulation Practical: Practical applications of insulation to reduce heat transfer.