End of Year Exam Topics Review

Breathing: The process of inhaling and exhaling air.
Gas Exchange: The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs and other tissues.
Lung Disease: Diseases affecting the lungs, such as asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema.
Nutrients: Substances that provide nourishment essential for growth and the maintenance of life.
Food Tests: Experiments to identify the presence of specific nutrients in food samples.
Balanced Diets: Diets containing the correct proportions of nutrients to maintain health.
The Digestive System: The system responsible for breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the body.
Enzymes in Digestion: Biological catalysts that speed up the breakdown of food molecules during digestion.

Aerobic Respiration: Respiration using oxygen to produce energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
Anaerobic Respiration: Respiration without oxygen, producing less energy and different byproducts (e.g., lactic acid or ethanol).
Fermentation: A type of anaerobic respiration.
Investigating Fermentation: Experiments to study the process of fermentation.
Photosynthesis: The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
Investigating Photosynthesis: Experiments to study the process of photosynthesis.
Leaves: The primary site of photosynthesis in plants.
Transport in Plants: The movement of water, minerals, and sugars throughout the plant.
Plant Minerals: Essential minerals required for plant growth and development.

Atoms: The basic building blocks of matter.
Elements: Substances consisting of only one type of atom.
Compounds: Substances formed from two or more elements chemically combined.
The Periodic Table: A table organizing elements by their atomic number and chemical properties.
Metals and Non-Metals: Two main categories of elements with distinct properties.
Polymers: Large molecules made up of repeating subunits.
Ceramics and Composites: Materials with specific properties and applications.

Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions: Reactions that release heat (exothermic) or absorb heat (endothermic).
Exothermic Reactions: Chemical reactions that release energy in the form of heat.
Catalysts: Substances that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.
Combustion: A chemical process involving rapid reaction between a substance with an oxidant, usually oxygen, to produce heat and light.
Thermal Decomposition: The breakdown of a substance by heat.
Physical and Chemical Changes: Changes that alter the form or appearance of a substance (physical) versus changes that alter the chemical composition (chemical).

The Earth’s Atmosphere: The layer of gases surrounding the Earth.
The Carbon Cycle: The process by which carbon is exchanged among the atmosphere, land, and oceans.
The Greenhouse Effect: The trapping of heat by gases in the Earth’s atmosphere.
The Earth’s Resources: Natural resources found on Earth, such as minerals, water, and fossil fuels.
Reduce, Reuse and Recycle: Strategies for minimizing waste and conserving resources.
Plastic Pollution: The accumulation of plastic waste in the environment.
Extracting Metals: The process of obtaining metals from their ores.

Forces: Interactions that can change the motion of an object.
Resultant Forces: The net force acting on an object.
Elasticity: The ability of a material to return to its original shape after being deformed.
Extension of a Spring: The increase in length of a spring when a force is applied.
Pressure on a Solid: The force applied perpendicularly to the surface of an object per unit area. $P = \frac{F}{A}$
Pressure in a Fluid: The force exerted by a fluid per unit area. $P = \rho g h$
Floating and Sinking: The behavior of objects in fluids based on their density.

Magnets: Objects that produce a magnetic field.
Magnetic Fields: Regions around a magnet where magnetic forces are exerted.
Electromagnetism: The interaction between electric currents and magnetic fields.
Electromagnets: Magnets created by electric currents.

Work Done: The energy transferred when a force causes displacement. $W = F \cdot d$
Making Work Easier: Using simple machines to reduce the force required to do work.

Heat Transfer: The movement of thermal energy from one place to another.
Conductors and Insulators: Materials that allow heat to flow easily (conductors) or resist heat flow (insulators).
Insulation Practical: Practical applications of insulation to reduce heat transfer.