APUSH UNIT 4 (1800-1848)

Ideas

Description

Idea 1

Industrial growth was not really a thing 1800, 1850 surpassed agriculture, 1900 world’s leader

Idea 2

Idea 3

Idea 4

Idea 5

Idea 6

Idea 7

The Era of Good Feelings was a hoax of sorts since there were many divisions on issues between the parties on the national bank, internal improvements, public land sales, tariffs, slavery, etc.. The party would soon split into 2.

Idea 8

Under Monroe, the 5th president, Americans had little interest in European politics and sought to expand Westward. They thought they were entering an era of unlimited prosperity.

Idea 9

Tariff of 1816 - New England imposed highest tariffs, South and West even imposed some (thought it was needed for national prosperity)

Idea 10

Jackson stopped anti-slavery literature from being sent through the US mail

Idea 11

Jacksonian Era came to an end with the Mexican War and the increased focus on the issue of slavery.

Idea 12

Idea 13

Term

Definition

Jacksonian Democracy

This refers to the political movement toward greater democracy for the common man (more equality for white males), symbolized by Andrew Jackson. It emphasized expanded suffrage, popular participation in politics, and suspicion of elite control in government. + able to be a self-made man

Election of 1824

A contentious presidential election in which none of the four candidates won a majority of electoral votes. The decision went to the House of Representatives, ultimately electing John Quincy Adams as president. (Henry Clay endorsed JQA- Clay was put as Secretary of State)

Corrupt bargain

A term used by Jackson supporters to describe the alleged deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay in the Election of 1824. Clay reportedly influenced the House vote in favor of Adams, who then appointed Clay as Secretary of State.

Popular Elections

States increasingly allowed voters, rather than state legislatures, to choose presidential electors. This shift was part of a broader democratization trend in the U.S., giving more direct power to the people. - voters choose a state’s slate of presidential electors, which was the case in 1832 except for S. Carolina

Nominating Conventions

These conventions replaced caucuses (either state legislators or party leaders) as the method for selecting presidential candidates, allowing party members rather than elites to have a voice in candidate selection, promoting greater inclusiveness in politics. - gathered in a large meeting to nominate a candidate

Universal male suffrage

This term describes the removal of property requirements for voting, enabling all white men, regardless of wealth, to vote. This expansion helped drive Jacksonian Democracy. — started in the new western states of Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri- went to eastern states and as a result voting increased dramatically from 350k in 1824 to more than 2.4 million in 1840 and now political offices could be held by people in the lower and middle ranks of society

Rise of Third Parties

Many third parties were risen, such as the Anti-Masonic and Workingmen’s Party - reached out to groups who showed little to no interest in parties - anti-masons attacked masons and called them a privileged, antidemocratic elite

More Elected Offices

More state and local officials were elected to office instead of being appointed - giving voters more voice in their government and increased civic participation

Popular Campaigning

parades of floats and marching bands and large rallies with food free food and drinks

Rise of the “West”

As western territories expanded, new states entered the Union, bringing distinct democratic and individualistic values that shaped national politics and supported populist figures like Andrew Jackson.

2 party system

The rivalry between the Democrats and the Whigs marked the beginning of a new two-party system, with opposing views on federal power, economic policy, and social reform. -(Campaigns had to be conducted on a national scale so larger political parties had to be formed, made two-party system)

Rotation in office/spoils system

Andrew Jackson implemented this system, which involved rotating government officials out of office and replacing them with loyal supporters. It was intended to democratize government but led to accusations of cronyism.

Jackson believed in appointing people based on whether or not they actively campaigned for the Democratic Party - previous members of other parties were fired and replaced— also believed in rotating in office, giving each person one term and appointing someone soon after (showed idea of ordinary Americans are capable of holding office)

Tariff of Abominations

A high tariff on imported goods passed in 1828 that protected Northern industries but hurt the Southern economy, leading to significant regional tension.

Revolution of 1828

Jackson “Old Hickory” accused Adams’ wife of being born out of wedlock - Jackson’s wife was accused of adultery - Jackson won by a landslide— mostly due to his reputation as a war hero and a man of the western frontier.

Andrew Jackson

The protector of the common man against the elite - opposed increasing federal spending and the national debt - vetoed 12 bills - such as the federal funding of Maysville Road which was in his rival’s home state (Clay) - had a “kitchen cabinet” who were not a part of his cabinet, so the real cabinet members had less influence.

Peggy Eaton Affair

Jackson protected the wife of his secretary of war, forcing the other cabinet wives to accept her — led to many cabinet members resigning including his VP Calhoun. Marin Van Buren was chosen as the next VP due to his loyalty during this crisis.

Nullification / Nullification Crisis

A conflict in which South Carolina declared that it could "nullify" federal tariffs, challenging federal authority. The crisis underscored sectional tensions and was eventually resolved through compromise. — SC held a convention to nullify 1828 tariff and 1832 tariff, Jackson told the secretary of war to prepare military action passing the Force bill that gave him authority to act against South Carolina + issued a proclamation that nullification and disunion is treason. Compromise was a lower tariff

Webster-Hayne Debate

Worcester v. Georgia

A Supreme Court case in 1832 that ruled in favor of the Cherokee Nation, stating that Georgia laws did not apply on Cherokee lands (and Georgia had no force within the Cherokee Territory). President Jackson ignored the ruling, leading to the forced removal of Native Americans (since the court could not enforce its decision without the President’s support). (Cherokee Nation v. Georgia in 1831 saw that Cherokees were not a foreign nation with the right to sue in a federal court)

Indian Removal Act

Legislation passed in 1830 that allowed the forced relocation of Native American tribes from their lands in the southeastern U.S. to areas west of the Mississippi River, leading to the Trail of Tears. (Signed Treaty of New Echota - exchanged for land west of Mississippi River) — Bureau of Indian Affairs was created in 1836 to assist the resettled tribes.

Trail of Tears

The forced march of the Cherokee Nation from their homeland to designated Indian Territory in Oklahoma, resulting in the deaths of thousands (4,000) from harsh conditions and disease. (15,000 Cherokees were forced to leave Georgia after they repudiated the settlement of 1835, which provided land in the Indian Territory)

Veto of 2nd Bank of US

Jackson opposed the rechartering of the Second Bank, viewing it as a tool for the elite. His veto weakened the bank, signaling Jackson's commitment to reducing federal economic control. —He believed the bank was unconstitutional and a private monopoly that enriched the wealthy at the expense of the common people — the people agreed and reelected him by a landslide in 1832.

Election of 1832

This election saw Jackson win a second term and defeat Henry Clay, reinforcing Jackson's popularity and his anti-Bank stance among the American public.

Pet Banks

State banks where Jackson placed federal funds after dismantling the Second Bank of the U.S. These banks were often chosen for their loyalty to Jackson’s policies and contributed to economic instability. — aided by Roger Taney - secretary of the Treasury

Specie Circular

A presidential order by Jackson requiring land payments to be made in gold or silver rather than paper money. This policy aimed to curb speculation but led to the Panic of 1837. —Jackson hoped to combat inflation by this, but led to an economic depression.

Panic of 1837

An economic crisis marked by bank failures and depression. It was partly caused by Jackson’s fiscal policies, including the Specie Circular and the dismantling of the Second Bank.

2nd party system

A period marked by the rivalry between the Democratic and Whig parties, which debated issues like states’ rights, federal power, and economic policy. —they formed under Jackson

Whigs / Democrats -Characteristics / policies / supporters

• Whigs: Supported a strong federal government, industry, and economic development; backed by northern industrialists and wealthier Southerners. American System, National Bank, Federal Funds for internal improvement, a protective tariff, Concern: crime associated with immigrants, New England and the Mid-Atlantic states, Protestants of English heritage, Urban professionals

• Democrats: Advocated for states' rights, limited government, and individual liberty; supported by farmers, immigrants, and the working class. Local rule, limited government, free trade, opportunities for white males, (Concerns: monopolies, national bank, high tariffs, high land prices), The South and West, Urban workers

Election of 1836-Martin Van Buren

Van Buren, Jackson’s successor, won the presidency as a Democrat but faced the economic downturn of the Panic of 1837 early in his term. — Whigs hoped to throw the election to the House by nominating three candidates, but this failed and Buren took 58% of the electoral vote.

Election of 1840-Log Cabins Hard Cider

A Whig campaign strategy that portrayed William Henry “tippecanoe” Harrison as a common man, emphasizing his frontier background and humble lifestyle, appealing to popular voters. —put log cabins on wheels and paraded them down the streets of cities and towns.. passed out hard cider for voters to drink and buttons and hats to wear— “Martin Van “Ruin” tagged as a aristocrat with a taste for foreign wines — 78% of eligible voters (white males) cast the ballots. 53% of popular vote and most electoral votes in North South and West, establishing the Whigs as a national party. Harrison soon died and John Tyler succeeded him - but was not much of a Whig, vetoing the Whigs’ national bank bills and other things and favoring southern and expansionist Democrats during his term.

William Henry Harrison

The Whig candidate in 1840 who won the presidency but died just a month into his term, leading to John Tyler’s succession and complicating Whig goals.

2nd Great Awakening

A Protestant revival movement that emphasized salvation through faith and good works. It led to widespread religious fervor and was a major force behind social reform movements.

Religious Effects

The movement spurred growth in various denominations, particularly Methodists and Baptists, and inspired missionary efforts and evangelical activism.

Secular Effects

Influenced social reforms such as abolition, temperance, and education, as people sought to improve society according to religious and moral ideals.

Evangelical Protestantism

A branch of Protestantism that emphasized a personal relationship with God and a duty to spread faith, inspiring many to engage in reform activities.

Revivals

Religious gatherings that promoted intense personal experiences of faith, especially during the Second Great Awakening, leading to many conversions and reform efforts.

Methodists

A Protestant denomination that grew rapidly during the Second Great Awakening, particularly among the working class and in frontier areas.

Protestant Work Ethic

A concept that emerged from Protestant values, emphasizing hard work, discipline, and frugality as a form of personal and spiritual fulfillment.

Secular reforms

Movements inspired by moral and ethical beliefs to improve society, including efforts in education, mental health, temperance, and women’s rights.

Cult of Domesticity

A social norm that idealized women as caregivers within the home, reinforcing traditional gender roles and emphasizing virtues like piety and obedience.

Education Reform

A movement led by figures like Horace Mann to establish public schools, aiming to improve literacy, morals, and opportunities for all children.

Temperance Reform

A social campaign aimed at reducing alcohol consumption, driven by concerns about moral decline and family well-being. - American Temperance Society formed (directed towards working class men who abused alcohol)

Asylum Reform

Led by Dorothea Dix, it sought to improve conditions for the mentally ill, advocating for compassionate treatment and separate institutions.

Horace Mann

A leader in education reform who advocated for public schooling and teacher training, believing education was essential for democracy.

Neal Dow

An advocate for temperance reform, Dow pushed for laws to restrict alcohol, notably the “Maine Law” of 1851, which prohibited alcohol sales.

Dorothea Dix

A reformer who campaigned for better treatment of the mentally ill and founded or improved asylums across the U.S.

Abolition / Abolitionists

A movement aimed at ending slavery in the U.S., led by activists like Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison, who argued that slavery was morally and socially unacceptable.

Gradual / Immediate / Violent Abolitionism

Abolitionist strategies varied widely, from gradual approaches advocating for slow emancipation, to immediate calls for the end of slavery, and violent methods exemplified by uprisings like Nat Turner's rebellion. Each strategy reflected different moral, political, and practical perspectives on ending slavery.

American Anti-slavery society

Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and others, this organization sought the immediate abolition of slavery through moral persuasion and activism. Its efforts included widespread pamphleteering, speeches, and the promotion of anti-slavery petitions to Congress.

Recolonization

Recolonization proposed the resettlement of freed African Americans to Africa, notably through efforts like the American Colonization Society, which led to the founding of Liberia in 1821. The movement was controversial, dividing abolitionists on whether it upheld or undermined racial equality.

Douglass

A former slave turned prominent abolitionist, Douglass used his powerful oratory and writings, such as his autobiography, to advocate for the abolition of slavery and equal rights for African Americans. He became a leading voice in the anti-slavery and civil rights movements.

Garrison

A radical abolitionist and editor of The Liberator, Garrison called for immediate emancipation without compensation to slaveholders. His uncompromising stance and advocacy for racial equality made him a polarizing yet influential figure in the abolitionist movement.

Walker

An abolitionist and author of Walker’s Appeal, a fiery pamphlet that called for enslaved African Americans to rise up against their oppressors. His work shocked the South and inspired many abolitionists with its direct and unapologetic tone.

“No Union with slaveholders”

This slogan, popularized by Garrison and his followers, emphasized the belief that the Constitution was a pro-slavery document and that abolitionists should refuse to support a union that upheld slavery. It reflected a radical strand of abolitionism.

Liberty Party

Founded in 1840, the Liberty Party was the first political party to focus solely on the abolition of slavery. It sought to influence national politics by opposing pro-slavery policies and advocating for anti-slavery legislation.

Ban on anti-slavery literature

Southern states banned the distribution of anti-slavery literature, fearing its potential to incite rebellion and challenge the institution of slavery. This suppression highlighted the lengths to which pro-slavery advocates would go to silence abolitionist voices.

Gag Rule

Enacted in Congress in the 1830s, the gag rule automatically tabled anti-slavery petitions without discussion. This rule stoked sectional tensions and angered abolitionists, who saw it as a violation of free speech and democratic principles.

Southern Reaction to Abolitionism

The South responded to abolitionism with heightened defenses of slavery, portraying it as a "positive good" while enacting stricter laws to control enslaved populations. Southern leaders argued abolitionist rhetoric threatened their way of life and economic stability.

Transcendentalism

A philosophical movement emphasizing self-reliance, individualism, and the inherent goodness of nature. Thinkers like Emerson and Thoreau encouraged people to look inward and challenge societal norms through personal and spiritual growth.

Nature / Individualism

Key tenets of transcendentalism, nature was seen as a source of inspiration and truth, while individualism celebrated the power of personal thought and independence. Together, they challenged the conformity of industrial and institutional society.

Utopian Movement Communities

These experimental communities, such as Brook Farm and Oneida, sought to create ideal societies based on shared labor, equality, and spiritual or philosophical principles. They reflected broader critiques of industrial capitalism and traditional social structures.

Utopian vs. Transcendentalism

While utopian communities focused on collective social experimentation, transcendentalism prioritized personal spiritual awakening and self-reliance. Both challenged mainstream society but differed in their approaches to achieving an ideal life.

Person

Brief Summary

Term

Definition

War of 1812 & Impact

The War of 1812, fought between the U.S. and Britain, stemmed from British interference with American trade and impressment of sailors. It led to increased nationalism, weakened Native American resistance, and fostered growth in American manufacturing due to trade disruptions.

Treaty of Ghent

Signed in 1814, this treaty ended the War of 1812 without addressing maritime issues, restoring pre-war boundaries but leading to improved U.S.-British relations and a surge in American nationalism.

Hartford Convention & Federalist Party

The Hartford Convention (1814-15) was a meeting of New England Federalists who opposed the War of 1812, leading to the Federalist Party’s collapse as they were viewed as unpatriotic when the war ended.

Andrew Jackson

A war hero from the War of 1812, Jackson later became the seventh U.S. President, known for promoting the “common man,” implementing the Indian Removal Act, and founding the Democratic Party.

William Henry Harrison

A military leader and ninth U.S. President, he became famous for victories against Native Americans in the Battle of Tippecanoe and the War of 1812 but died just 32 days into his presidency.

Era of Good Feelings

From Election of 1816 to Panic of 1819, an era of nationalism, optimism, and goodwill after the Federalist party disbanded and the Democratic-Republicans were left.

Cultural Nationalism

An idea of nationalism expressed culturally through art, literature, and books

Economic Nationalism

A political movement to support the growth of the nation’s economy (internal improvements, tariffs, etc.)

Tariff of 1816

Tariffs for the sake of protecting US manufacturers from competition (after war, worried Britain would dump goods on American markets). First protective tariff in US history.

Henry Clay’s American System

Protective Tariff 2nd National Bank Internal

Improvements Canal Building
Key components of Clay's American System aimed to protect U.S. industries, stabilize the economy, and improve transportation networks like the Erie Canal.
A plan to promote economic growth and self-sufficiency, it included a protective tariff, a strong national bank, and federal funding for internal improvements, such as roads and canals. Internal improvements helped the west and south, tariffs helped the east

individual states made up most of their internal improvements since Madison and Monroe vetoed legislation

Panic of 1819

The first major U.S. financial crisis, triggered by speculative lending and falling cotton prices, leading to widespread bank failures, foreclosures, and economic hardship. —Bank tightened credit to control inflation, leading to state banks closing, unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonments for debt increased. Nationalistionic beliefs were shaken and people in the west changed political views, calling for land reforms and expressing opposition to the nation bank and debtors’ prisons.

Marbury v Madison

A landmark 1803 Supreme Court case establishing the principle of judicial review, giving the Court power to strike down unconstitutional laws. (the Supreme Court ruled that although it was illegal for Madison to withhold the delivery of the appointments, forcing Madison to deliver the appointments was beyond the power of the U.S. Supreme Court, stroke down a law)

McCulloch v. Maryland

This 1819 Supreme Court decision strengthened federal power by ruling that states could not tax the national bank (Maryland tried to tax), citing the Supremacy Clause. —> also settled the debate over the constitutionality of the National Bank, since the constitution gave them the implied power to do so

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

A Supreme Court case (1819) affirming the inviolability of contracts (a contract by a private cooperation could not be altered by the states), as New Hampshire’s attempt to change Dartmouth’s charter was ruled unconstitutional.

Gibbons v. Ogden

The 1824 decision gave Congress control over interstate commerce, strengthening federal authority through the Commerce Clause. The state of New York could not grant a charter to a steamboat company if the action conflicted with a charter authorized by congress)- established the federal government’s broad control of interstate commerce

Judicial Review

Established by Marbury v. Madison, this principle allows the Supreme Court to invalidate laws that conflict with the Constitution.

Supremacy Clause

Establishes that federal law takes precedence over state laws, as reaffirmed in cases like McCulloch v. Maryland.

Commerce Clause

Grants Congress the power to regulate interstate and international trade, significantly expanding federal authority. Gibbons v Ogden

Contracts Inviolable

Affirmed in Dartmouth College v. Woodward, this principle protects private contracts from state interference.

Cotton Gin / Cotton Belt

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, the cotton gin transformed the South into a cotton-producing region, fueling the spread of slavery.

Population Growth (from Western expansion and in general during 1800-1848)

From 1800 to 1848, U.S. population surged due to western migration, immigration, and improved agricultural productivity.

Less than ten years after the start of the War of 1812, the population west of the Appalachian Mountains had doubled.

Reasons:

Acquisition of American Indians’ Lands: large areas were open for settlement after American Indians were driven from their lands by the victories of Generals William Henry Harrison in the Indiana Territory and Andrew Jackson in Florida and the South

Economic Pressures: Economic difficulties in the NE from embargos and the war caused people to seek a new future, in the South, tobacco planters needed new land to replace the soil exhausted by years of poor farming methods, finding good land for planting cotton in Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas

Improved Transportation: Pioneers had an easier time reaching the frontier as a result of the building of roads and canals, steamboats, and railroads

Immigrants: More Europeans were attracted to America by speculators offering cheap land in the Great Lakes region and in the valleys of the Ohio, Cumberland, and Mississippi Rivers

Farming Practices

Subsistence farming gave way to commercial farming as western lands opened, with increasing reliance on cash crops like cotton.

Land Act of 1820

Lowered the price of land in the West, encouraging settlement and contributing to the westward expansion.

Missouri Compromise

Aimed to maintain the Senate balance between free and slave states, admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as free, while banning slavery north of 36°30’.

Tallmadge Amendment 36° 30’

Proposed amendment to ban slavery in Missouri, sparking debate and compromise that established the 36°30’ line for slavery restriction. —> prohibits the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and children of Missouri slaves had to be freed at the age of 25

Balance in the Senate

The admission of states was carefully balanced to preserve equal representation between slave and free states.

Missouri / Maine

The Missouri Compromise admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state to maintain Senate balance.

Stephen Decatur

Sent in 1815 to force the rulers of North Africa to allow American shipping the free use of the Mediterranean

Rush Bagot Agreement (1817)

A U.S.-British treaty that limited naval forces on the Great Lakes, leading to a peaceful border with Canada. (also place limits on borders)

Treaty w/ Britain 1818

Set the U.S.-Canada border along the 49th parallel, fostering peaceful relations with Britain. Joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for 10 years, and shared fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland

Adams-Onis (Florida Purchase) Treaty (1819)

The U.S. acquired Florida from Spain in exchange for settling boundary disputes in the West.

US troops occupied western Florida (previously owned by Spain), Spain had a hard time governing the rest of Florida because of its troops being stationed in battled in South America. This permitted groups of Seminoles, runaway slaves, and white outlaws to conduct raids into US territory and retreat to safety across the Florida Border. This gave Monroe and Jackson an opportunity to take military action, which American expansionists wanted.

Jackson was commissioned in 1817 to stop the raiders and and if necessary pursue them into Spanish West Florida. In 1818, he went beyond these orders and destroyed Seminole villages, hanging two notable chiefs with a militia. Captured Pensacola - drove out the Spanish governor, hanged two British traders who helped the Seminoles. Feared that a war would happen, but JQA convinced Monroe to support Jackson and the British did not intervene.

Spain, worried the the US would seize Florida and preoccupied with troubles in Latin America settled for $5 million in claims against Spain and the US give up territorial claims of Texas. US got Florida and its claims to Oregon Territory.

Monroe Doctrine

Issued in 1823, it declared that European interference in the Americas would be viewed as hostile, asserting U.S. influence in the Western Hemisphere. (European powers wanted to help Spain in South America, Russia was in Alaska- seal hunters established a trading post in San Francisco)

Britain deterred Spain from making a comeback but wanted diplomacy w/Latin American countries so they asked US to join in a warning for Europeans not to intervene in South America

JQA disagreed- believing the joint action w/Britain would restrict US opportunities for further expansion in the hemisphere. If US acted alone, Britain would stand behind the policy. No EU power would risk going to war in South America, and if it did Britain would interfere nonetheless.

Parts of the doctrine: US will not interfere in EU affairs, EU will not meddle in the Americas.

Policy applauded but soon forgotten bc focused on domestic issues. Canning in Britain was annoyed bc it also applied to his country of Britain. EU was angry but could do nothing bc of British empire.

Market Revolution

A shift toward a national economy driven by industry, transportation, and commercial farming, transforming American society and labor.

Population Growth (Market Revolution)

The Market Revolution spurred rapid urban growth, fueled by immigration and rural-to-urban migration.

Industrial Development was required to account for the population growth of consumers and laborers

1800-1825: US population doubled. High birthrate and immigration (Britain & Germany). African Americans and American Indians also grew- but declined by 5% in this period. By 1830s, almost 1/3 of the population lived west of the Alleghenies.

Transportation Improvements (Market Revolution)

Infrastructure projects like canals and railroads connected markets, stimulating trade and westward expansion.

Roads: PA’s Lancaster Turnpike connected Philly w/rich farmlands across Lancaster - its success stimulated the construction of other privately built and relatively short toll roads that connected most of the country’s major cities (by mid 1820s)

Interstate highways was unusual due to lack of funding. National/Cumberland Railroad was one exception, that paved the way to the west extending more than a thousand miles from Maryland to Illinois.

Canals: Competition of the Erie Canal in NY State in 1825 was a major event in linking the economies of western farms and eastern cities. Success of economic growth stimulated other canals to be built. Canals joined together all the major lakes and rivers east of the Mississippi. This improved transportation meant lower food prices in the East, more immigrants settling in the West, and stronger economic ties between the two sections.

Steamboats: Clermont (steam powered boat by Robert Fulton) was a success in 1807 up the Hudson River.. these boats made travel faster and cheaper.

Railroads: Late 1820s-first US railroad lines. Early railroads had safety problems, but by 1830s competed with canals. This changed small towns such as Cleveland, Cincinnati, Detroit, and Chicago into booming commercial centers of the expanding national economy.

Interchangeable Parts (Market Revolution)

Standardized parts, introduced by Eli Whitney, enabled mass production and reshaped manufacturing. (he created cotton gin and interchangeable parts for rifles which became the basis of mass production methods in the new northern factories)

Corporations for Raising Capital

1811- NY passed a law that made it easier for a business to incorporate and raise money by selling shares of stock. Other states followed suit. Owners only risked the amount of money they invested. Changes in these state corporation laws facilitated the raising of the large sums of capital necessary for building factories, canals, and railroads

Factory system

A system of mass production centralizing labor in factories, boosting output and changing work patterns. Samuel Slater emigrated from Britain and took their secrets for building cotton-spinning machines and helped build the first US factory in 1791

Embargo and War of 1812 stimulated domestic manufacturing*

New England was the country’s leading manufacturing system bc of waterpower, good seaports, decline in maritime industry, demine of farming (labor supply)

Child labor, immigrants, etc.

Many skilled workers had to seek employment in factories because they could not compete with the low prices of manufactured goods

Lowell

A model factory town in Massachusetts where young women were employed in textile mills, marking a shift in labor dynamics.

Recruited young farm women in response to the difficulty in finding labor.

Cotton Gin

Eli Whitney’s invention that revolutionized cotton production, making cotton a dominant Southern crop and intensifying the demand for slave labor.