Microbio Final

Aseptic Technique: to handle a sterile substance without introducing contamination 

Colony: visible cluster of bacteria derived from a single parent cell or colony-forming unit  

Colony Forming Unit (CFU): A measurement used to estimate the number of viable or live organisms

Isolated Colony:  A colony that is not touching other colonies on the growth medium 

Culture: Bacteria or other living organisms growing on any format of medium   

Mixed Culture: Culture with a mixed population of microorganisms  

Pure Culture: Culture that contains only one type of microorganism  

Subculture: New culture made by transferring cells from one culture to another fresh growth medium 

Incuabte: To grow/maintain culture under controlled conditions

Inoculate: To purposely introduce organisms into a sterile medium to grow and study 

Medium(Media): Surface/ Liquid containing ions, amino acids, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, water, and other enriching ingredients to grow bacteria 

General Purpose Medium: Provides general nutrition and supports a wide growth of microorganisms 

Selective Medium: Use to isolate a specific group of bacteria with a common trait 

Differential Medium: Used to tell apart different types of related bacteria that change the appearance of the bacteria themselves or the medium 

Agar: A complex polysaccharide that can be added to the media to make it solid. 

Fluid Thioglycollate Broth: Allows anaerobic species to grow throughout the medium under an oxidized layer while aerobic grow in a thin layer on the top of the surface.  

MacConkey Agar: Selective and differential medium used to isolate Gram-negative organisms and to tell apart lactose-fermenting and non-lactose-fermenting organisms. 

Metabolism:  The sum of all reactions taking place in an organism  

Aerobic Respiration: A chemical process in which microorganisms uses oxygen as a final electron acceptor

Anaerobic Respiration: A chemical process in which microorganisms that don’t use oxygen as a final electron acceptor

Fermentation: A last resort organisms use to produce energy in the absence of oxygen. 

Plasmid: A Piece of circular DNA that replicates autonomously and is not essential for growth

Plasmid map:  Map of known restriction sites within the DNA sequence of a plasmid 

Restriction enzymes: Enzymes that cut DNA at a specific restriction site

Restriction site: Location on DNA that contains the specific sequence of nucleotides recognized by a restriction enzyme

Restriction digest: Cutting plasmid DNA with a specific restriction site 

Reszurin: An indicator for the presence of oxygen used in media  

Species: a group of microorganisms with similar genetic, physiological, and ecological characteristics  

Strain: a genetic variant or subtype of a microorganism, such as a virus, bacterium, or fungus, with distinct characteristics.  

Transformation: Transfer of genetic material into living cells
Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride (TTC): redox indicator that will produce a maroon color when metabolized

Bacillus subtillis- gram positive, rod-shaped bacterium found in soil and gastrointestinal tract, facultative anaerobic,producing acid from wide range of sugars, endospores that can withstand extreme temperatures and radiation, motile  

Bacillus atropheaus  - gram positive, aerobic, spore forming, soil environments, production of pigment (dark brown to black) when cultured in a media which contains organic nitrogen source, motile 

Citrobacter freundii -  gram negative, rod shape, motile, faculative anaerobe, plays an important part in the nitrogen cycle, citrate-utilizating 

Escherichia coli DH5alpha - lac^-, ampicillin^s  , lab engineered cloning strain of E.coli, recA1 mutation needed for increased plasmid stability, Nonpathogenic 

Escherichia coli  K12-  non-pathogenic strain, rod shape, single circular chromosome, 4460 genes

Enterobacter aerogenes - gram negative, rod-shaped bacterium, lactose- fermenting, can also create acetoin 

Enterobacter cloacae - gram negative, rod-shaped, catales positive, motile, faculative anaerobic 

Enterococcus durans - gram positive, spherical or ovoid shape, appearing in parts or short chains and halotorent  

Geobacillus stearothermophilus - gram positive, rod shaped, heat resistant spores, thermophillic 

Halobacterium salinarum - halophilic, rod-shaped, motile, bacteriorhodopsin 

Micrococcus luteus - gram positive, non-motile, cocccus in tetrads, common in skin and oral ennvironment 

Micrococcus roseus - gram-postive, spherical, environemtenal organism, non-pathogenic, aerobic  

Pseudomonas fluorescens - gram negative, rod shaped, produces green pigment, beneficial to plant growth

Rhodococcus rhodochrous - gram positive, aerobic, and non motile, rod shaped  or cocci like cells, aerobic, pale orange to red appearance

Saccharomyces cerevisiae - eukaryotic, undergo sexual reproduction, ferments sugar into ehtnaol and carbondioxide, unicellular, white to cream colored  

Sacrina aurantiaca - gram positive, obligate anaerobic, cocci in cubical packets, orange-pigmented, non pathogenic

Serratia marcescens - red through prodigiosin, rod shaped commonly found in damp environments, motile, negative for oxidse and methy red tests but positive for nitrate reduction

Spirillium volutans -  large, spiral shaped, gram negative, motile, non-pathogenic, mircoaerophillic

Staphylococcus saprophyticus - gram positive, appear as a cocci and forms in clusters, major cause of urinary tract infections, resistant to novobiocin 
Streptococcus salivarius - gram positive cocci in chains, part of oral mircobiota, catalase negativve, faculative anaerobe.

Catalase- breaks down toxic hydrogen peroxide into harmless water( bubbles form) 

Bile Esculin slant- select bile tolerant bacteria and differentiate bacteria that can convert esculin to esculitin( black color positve)  

Mannitol salt- selective for halotolerant and differential to ferment mannitol ( yellow)

Salt Browth- selective for halotolerant ( not clear is positive) 

MH agar- species of staphylococci ( larger than 16 mm) 

oxidase- detects the presence of the cytochrome oxidase enzyme (purple is positive) 

Citrate( Simmon citrate) - sodium citrate as a carbon source(blue is positive)

MR-VP - MR detects acid fermentation; VP detects acetoin( Red for both MR & VP)

Sulfide, Indole,moltility(SIM) - Sulfide Hydrogen sulfide production, hydrolysis of Tryptophan for indole, moltitlity is growth away from the center ( Black for S, Red top layer, growth from the center is positives)  

Nitrate Reduction: Nitrate to Nitrite and produce nitrogen gas( Bubbles or red after the first two solutions) 

EMB plate- differentiate between lactose fermenting and non-fermenters(   growth and green metallic sheen) 

Carbohydrate - acid and gases red( basic) yellow(acidic) 

Oxygen tolerance-  depends on the sketch