Science and society SM 3
Environmental-Friendly Architecture and Design
The concept of sustainable living is increasingly popular in home and interior design.
Traditional Indian architecture has embraced sustainable and eco-friendly methods historically.
A deep connection with nature has been integral to Indian culture.
Green architectural practices observed in ancient civilizations like Mohenjo-Daro and Indian temples.
Key Eco-Friendly Techniques in Ancient India
Water Conservation
Water conservation is a critical theme across Indian civilizations.
Rani-ki-vav in Patan symbolizes water scarcity and showcases advanced water management.
Structures like step wells in Hampi and Agrasen ki Baoli in Delhi highlight water conservation strategies.
Waste Disposal
Mohenjo-Daro featured the first known city-wide sanitation system.
Houses had access to underground drainage facilities promoting cleanliness and disease prevention.
This ancient system remains among the best sanitation models in contemporary urban centers.
Light and Temperature Control
Natural lighting and heating were crucial in building designs.
Rooms were traditionally oriented to the east to maximize morning sunlight.
Water bodies within homes provided natural cooling, as seen in the Red Fort in Delhi with water features enhancing climate control.
Local Materials in Architecture
Utilization of local materials was a common practice in historic Indian temples.
Techniques allowed buildings to rely on gravity rather than mortar, evident in ancient South Indian temples.
The thick stone walls used in construction provided natural cooling, with sun-dried bricks also utilized.
Kitchen Gardens and Low Carbon Footprint
Kitchen gardens were prevalent in traditional homes for growing vegetables and herbs.
Organic waste was recycled into manure to create zero waste systems.
Local materials for construction minimized environmental impact and supported climate responsiveness.
Traditional Architecture and Natural Materials
Traditional architecture focuses on local resources shaped by the environment.
Promotes sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and aesthetic appeal.
Laurie Baker, a proponent of local architecture, emphasizes the beauty and appropriateness of traditional designs.
Components of Sustainable Homes
Internal Courtyards
Internal courtyards (“aangan”) were designed for natural light and ventilation.
They provided spaces for family activities while maintaining privacy.
They acted as thermal regulators and improved the indoor climate by integrating nature.
Jaalies (Lattice Screens)
Jaalies offered ventilation, diffused light, and shade.
They allowed cool breezes while protecting from harsh sunlight and dust.
Hawa Mahal in Jaipur showcases intricate jaalies enabling privacy for royal women.
Verandahs
Verandahs served as transitional spaces providing shade and comfort.
In traditional Kerala homes, multiple verandahs protected from heat and rain.
They were integral for social interaction and embellishing home aesthetics.
Chhajjas
Projections over doors and windows protect from sun and rain.
They help reduce heat entry into homes and enhance aesthetic features.
Adapted in regions with heavy rain or snowfall to maintain structural integrity.
Arches
Arches provide structural stability and aesthetic appeal.
Their soft curves offer an alternative to straight designs prevalent today.
They save materials and can be constructed using various traditional materials.
Sloping Roofs
Historically used in regions with heavy rainfall or snowfall.
Traditionally covered with terracotta or slate for drainage and aesthetics.
Modern designs favor flat roofs, missing out on the benefits of traditional sloping roofs.
Built-in Furniture
Traditional architecture often included built-in furniture as part of the design.
Examples include wooden swings and seating in verandahs, durable and space-efficient.
Incorporating niches and alcoves can enhance modern designs with aesthetic appeal.