AES305-Lecture Notes 9&10

The 18th century was marked by two significant revolutions:
- Industrial Revolution: Started in Britain, transforming economies from agrarian to industrial.
- Political Revolutions: Key events were the American Revolution (1776) and the French Revolution (1789).
Core themes emerged from this period:
- Personal democracy, liberty, capitalism, socialism.
- Industrialization, technological innovation, urbanization.
- Doctrine of progress: belief in improvement through science and knowledge.

The Enlightenment was a key philosophical movement that:
- Encouraged modern philosophy primarily in Britain, France, Germany, and the U.S.
- Influenced by thinkers like:
  - John Locke (1632-1704): Advocated for empiricism and basic human rights.
  - Isaac Newton (1642-1727): Established principles of modern science.
Emphasis on empirical knowledge over abstract thought.
Contributed to the rise of modern science, such as the discoveries of electricity and oxygen.

By mid-18th century, advancements like the use of coal and iron increased construction capabilities:
- The world's first iron bridge was constructed over the River Severn in 1779, marking a pivotal moment in civil engineering.

Emerged as a dominant architectural style in the late 18th to early 19th century.
- Focused on virtue and moral clarity associated with ancient Greek and Roman arts.
Key features include:
- Use of Greek and Roman orders and motifs.
- Simple geometric compositions, often de-emphasizing decorative detail.
- Rejection of Rococo's extravagant colors and designs.

U.S. Capitol, Washington, DC: A symbol of Federal architecture characterized by neoclassical elements.
Designs by architects such as Thomas Jefferson, who favored Greek inspiration related to democracy and reform.

Emerging concurrently with Neoclassicism in the late 18th century.
Key differences from Neoclassicism:
- Romanticism emphasized emotion, individualism, and a return to nature opposed to logic and control.
- Advocated for the unique expression of the creative individual.

Proponents rejected Rococo for being tied to aristocracy, favoring architecture that evoked emotional responses.
Stressed the significance of artistic expression and powerful emotions.

Introduction of iron and glass in architecture:
- Developments began in the late 18th century, notably in train sheds and exhibition spaces.
- Prominent example: St. Pancras Station, showcasing a unique combination of iron and glass architecture.

Designed by Sir Joseph Paxton for the Great Exhibition in 1851.
Functioned as a celebration of industrial progress, inspired by both the nature of the materials and grand cathedral-like structures.
Eventually dismantled, following a successful run as a venue for industry showcases.

A tendency in architecture to blend various historical styles to create monumental structures.
The Brooklyn Bridge is an iconic example, merging functionality with stylistic revival influences.
Known for overcoming engineering challenges and aesthetically resembling Roman designs.

Designed by Gustave Eiffel, completed for the 1889 Paris International Exposition.
Imposing 984-foot structure that initially faced criticism but later symbolized French innovation.
Signalled a shift towards modern architecture, emphasizing materials over historical styles.