Orange Coast College ALH 111 Chapter 10: Pulmonology Study Guide

Learning Outcomes for Chapter 10: Pulmonology\n\n* 10.1 Word Parts: Identification of roots and word parts associated with the respiratory system.\n* 10.2 Subjective Terms: Translation of patient history, problems, and complaints.\n* 10.3 Objective Terms: Translation of signs, physical findings, and diagnostic tests.\n* 10.4 Assessment Terms: Translation of diagnosis and pathology related to the respiratory system.\n* 10.5 Plan Terms: Translation of treatments, therapies, and surgical procedures.\n* 10.6 Abbreviations: Standardized medical abbreviations used in pulmonology.\n* 10.7 Electronic Health Records (EHR): Contextual application of respiratory terms within patient records.\n\n# Introduction and Overview of the Respiratory System\n\n* Main Function: The primary role of the respiratory system is to transport oxygen into the blood and remove carbon dioxide from it.\n\n# 10.1 Word Parts of the Respiratory System: Upper Respiratory Tract\n\n* Adenoid/o (Adenoids):\n * Adenoidectomy: Surgical removal of the adenoids.\n * Adenoiditis: Inflammation of the adenoids.\n* Tonsill/o (Tonsils):\n * Tonsillectomy: Surgical removal of the tonsils.\n * Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils.\n* Nas/o, Rhin/o (Nose):\n * Nasogastric tube: A tube passed through the nose to the stomach.\n * Nasendoscope: Instrument for viewing the inside of the nose.\n * Rhinorrhea: Discharge from the nose (runny nose).\n * Rhinoplasty: Surgical repair or reconstruction of the nose.\n* Laryng/o (Larynx/Voice Box):\n * Laryngospasm: Involuntary contraction of the larynx.\n * Laryngitis: Inflammation of the larynx.\n* Pharyng/o (Pharynx/Throat):\n * Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the pharynx.\n * Pharyngostenosis: Narrowing of the pharynx.\n* Trache/o (Trachea/Windpipe):\n * Tracheotomy: Incision into the trachea.\n * Tracheostomy: Creation of an opening into the trachea.\n* Sept/o (Septum):\n * Septectomy: Removal of the septum.\n * Septoplasty: Surgical repair of the septum.\n* Sin/o, Sinus/o (Sinus):\n * Sinusitis: Inflammation of a sinus.\n * Sinusotomy: Incision into a sinus.\n\n# Anatomy and Function of the Upper Respiratory Tract\n\n* Components: Consists of the nose, pharynx, and larynx.\n* Nose Anatomy:\n * Nares: Nostrils.\n * Septum: The wall dividing the nasal cavity.\n * Turbinates: Structures that increase surface area.\n * Vascularity: High blood supply presence.\n * Hairs: Function for filtration.\n * Mucus: Traps particles.\n* Primary Functions: To heat, humidify, and filter incoming air.\n* Air Passage Path:\n * From the nose/mouth to the Pharynx (subdivided into Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx).\n * From the pharynx into the Larynx (the voice producer).\n * From the larynx into the Trachea.\n\n# 10.1 Word Parts of the Respiratory System: Lower Respiratory Tract\n\n* Lower Tract Components: Trachea, Bronchi, Lobar bronchi, Segmental bronchi, Bronchioles, and Alveoli.\n* Cell Types of Alveoli:\n * Pneumocytes / Pneumonocytes.\n* Pneum/o, Pneumat/o, Pneumon/o (Lung/Air):\n * Pneumomelanosis: Blackening of the lung tissue.\n * Pneumatology: Study of gases or respiration.\n * Pneumonia: Infection of the lung tissue.\n* Pulmon/o (Lung):\n * Pulmonologist: Specialist in lung diseases.\n * Pulmonary: Pertaining to the lungs.\n* Lob/o (Lobe):\n * Lobectomy: Removal of a lobe of the lung.\n * Lobotomy: Incision into a lobe.\n* Bronch/o, Bronchi/o (Bronchus):\n * Bronchoscope: Instrument for viewing the bronchi.\n * Bronchiostenosis: Narrowing of the bronchi.\n* Bronchiol/o (Bronchiole):\n * Bronchiolitis: Inflammation of the bronchioles.\n * Bronchiolectasis: Dilation of the bronchioles.\n* Alveol/o (Alveolus):\n * Alveolitis: Inflammation of the alveoli.\n * Alveolar: Pertaining to the alveoli.\n\n# 10.1 Word Parts: Chest and Diaphragm\n\n* Stern/o (Sternum):\n * Sternocostal: Pertaining to the sternum and ribs.\n * Sternotomy: Incision into the sternum.\n* Cost/o (Rib):\n * Costectomy: Removal of a rib.\n * Costophrenic: Pertaining to the ribs and diaphragm.\n* Thorac/o, Pector/o (Pectus), Steth/o (Chest):\n * Thoracic: Pertaining to the chest.\n * Pectoralgia: Pain in the chest.\n * Pectus excavatum: Hollowed or sunken chest.\n * Stethoscope: Instrument used to listen to the chest.\n* Pleur/o (Pleura):\n * Pleuritis: Inflammation of the pleura.\n * Pleurectomy: Removal of the pleura.\n* Phren/o (Diaphragm):\n * Phrenic Nerve: Nerve controlling the diaphragm.\n * Phrenospasm: Hiccular spasm of the diaphragm.\n * Phrenoplegia: Paralysis of the diaphragm.\n\n# Physiology of Respiration\n\n* The Process of Respiration:\n * Inspiration: An active process where the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract. This causes chest pressure to decrease, sucking air into the lungs.\n * Expiration: A passive process that generally does not require muscle contraction.\n* Gas-related Word Parts:\n * Ox/o (Oxygen): Hypoxia (low oxygen in tissues); Hypoxemia (low oxygen in blood).\n * Spir/o, -pnea (Breathing): Spirometry (measurement of breathing); Sleep apnea (cessation of breathing during sleep).\n * Capn/o, Carb/o (Carbon Dioxide/$CO_2$): Hypercapnia (high $CO_2$); Hypocarbia (low $CO_2$).\n\n# 10.2 Patient History, Problems, and Complaints (Subjective)\n\n* Primary Complaint: Coughing; classified as Productive or Nonproductive.\n* Other Symptoms: Respiratory rate, respiratory depth, and chest pain.\n* Breathing Rate Terminology:\n * Apnea: Absence of breathing.\n * Eupnea: Normal breathing.\n * Tachypnea: Fast breathing.\n * Bradypnea: Slow breathing.\n* Breathing Depth Terminology:\n * Hypopnea: Shallow breathing.\n * Hyperpnea: Deep breathing.\n* Breathing Abnormalities:\n * Dyspnea: Difficulty breathing.\n * Orthopnea: Difficulty breathing while lying flat.\n * Hyperventilation: Excessive breathing.\n * Hypoventilation: Insufficient breathing.\n* Upper Respiratory Tract Complaints:\n * Dysphonia: Hoarseness/difficulty speaking.\n * Epistaxis: Nosebleed.\n * Rhinorrhagia: Profuse nasal bleeding.\n * Rhinorrhea: Runny nose.\n* Lower Respiratory Tract Complaints:\n * Bronchospasm: Involuntary contraction of bronchi.\n * Phrenospasm: Spasm of the diaphragm.\n * Pleuralgia / Pleurodynia: Pain in the pleura.\n * Thoracalgia: Pain in the chest.\n* Discharges and Secretions:\n * Bronchorrhea: Excessive bronchial secretions.\n * Expectoration: Coughing up and spitting out material.\n * Hemoptysis: Coughing up blood.\n * Sputum: Material coughed up from the lungs.\n\n# 10.3 Observation and Discovery (Objective)\n\n* Observation Methods: Physical findings, lab tests, specialized tests, and imaging.\n* Physical Findings:\n * Auscultation (Listening): Pectoriloquy (increased voice resonance through the lung).\n * Skin Observation: Cyanosis (bluish tint); Retraction (visible pulling of skin during breathing).\n * Chest Evaluation: Pectus carinatum (pigeon chest); Pectus excavatum.\n * Palpation/Percussion: Touching and tapping the patient.\n* Tissue and Airway Conditions:\n * Atelectasis: Collapsed lung or part of a lung.\n * Bronchiectasis: Dilation of the bronchi.\n * Caseous necrosis: Tissue death resembling cheese (common in tuberculosis).\n * Pulmonary edema: Fluid in the lungs.\n * Tracheostenosis: Narrowing of the trachea.\n* Diaphragm Conditions: Phrenoplegia (paralysis) and Phrenoptosis (drooping).\n* Chest and Pleura Conditions:\n * Chylothorax: Chyle (lymph and fat) in the pleural cavity.\n * Empyema / Pyothorax: Pus in the pleural cavity.\n * Hemothorax: Blood in the pleural cavity.\n * Pleural effusion: Fluid in the pleural space.\n * Pneumohemothorax: Air and blood in the pleural cavity.\n * Pneumothorax: Air in the pleural cavity.\n* Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Evaluation:\n * CO2 Levels: Hypercapnia/Hypercarbia ($CO_2$ too high); Hypocapnia/Hypocarbia ($CO_2$ too low).\n * Oxygen Levels: Hypoxemia (in blood); Hypoxia (in tissue).\n * Diagnostic Tools: Capnography (measuring $CO_2$ concentration); Capnometer; Oximetry (measuring oxygen saturation).\n * ABG Analysis: Arterial Blood Gas draws from Brachial, Femoral, or Radial arteries.\n* Imaging and Functional Tests:\n * Imaging: CT (Computed Tomography), Pulmonary angiography, VQ Scan (Ventilation-perfusion scan).\n * Sleep: Polysomnography.\n * Function: PFT (Pulmonary Function Testing), Spirometry.\n * Internal Evaluation: Bronchoscopy, Endoscope, Nasopharyngoscope.\n * External Evaluation: Thoracoscopy.\n\n# 10.4 Diagnosis and Pathology (Assessment)\n\n* Common Etiology: Infection is the most common cause, followed by acute or chronic diseases.\n* Upper Respiratory Infections (URI/URTI):\n * Laryngitis, Rhinitis, Sinusitis, Pansinusitis, Tonsillitis, Tracheitis, Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup).\n* Diseases of Upper Tract: Sleep apnea, Tracheomalacia (softening of the trachea).\n* Lower Respiratory Infections: Bronchiolitis, Bronchitis, Pleuritis (Pleurisy), Pneumonia, Pneumonitis.\n* Diseases of Lower Tract:\n * Asthma.\n * COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.\n * Cystic fibrosis.\n * Emphysema.\n * Obstructive lung disorder.\n* Additional Conditions:\n * Pneumoconiosis: Lung disease caused by dust inhalation.\n * Pulmonary embolism (PE): Blood clot in the lung.\n * Pulmonary neoplasm: Abnormal growth in the lung.\n * Restrictive lung disorder.\n * Bronchiogenic carcinoma: Cancer originating in the bronchi.\n * Mesothelioma: Cancer of the pleural lining.\n* Hernias: Diaphragmatocele (hernia of the diaphragm) and Pneumatocele (hernia containing air).\n\n# 10.5 Treatments and Therapies (Plan)\n\n* Medication Categories:\n * Nebulizer: Device to deliver respiratory meds.\n * Expectorant: Promotes mucus expulsion.\n * Mucolytic: Pins out mucus.\n * Antitussive: Suppresses cough.\n * Bronchodilator: Treats bronchospasm.\n* Surgical Procedures:\n * Reconstructive: Laryngoplasty, Palatoplasty, Septoplasty, Bronchoplasty.\n * Removals: Adenoidectomy, Laryngectomy, Tonsillectomy, Lobectomy, Pneumonectomy (removal of an entire lung).\n * Pleura Procedures: Pleuropexy (fixation of the pleura), Thoracocentesis/Thoracentensis (fluid removal), Thoracostomy, Thoracotomy.\n * Thorax Procedures: Thoracoplasty.\n * Breathing Assistance: Intubate, Tracheostomy, Tracheotomy, Endotracheal intubation, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).\n\n# 10.6 Abbreviations\n\n* Lab/Tests: ABG (Arterial Blood Gas), Bx (Biopsy), PFT (Pulmonary Function Testing), PSG (Polysomnography).\n* Treatments: CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure), CPR.\n* Conditions: ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome), CF (Cystic Fibrosis), COPD, LRTI, LTB (Laryngotracheobronchitis), OSA (Obstructive Sleep Apnea), PE, TB, URI/URTI.\n* Assessment: CTA (Clear To Auscultation), DOE (Dyspnea On Exertion), SOB (Shortness Of Breath).\n* Imaging: CT, CXR (Chest X-Ray), MRI, PET, V/Q (Ventilation-Perfusion scan).\n* Procedures: ETT (Endotracheal Tube), T&A (Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy).\n\n# 10.7 Electronic Health Records: Cases\n\n* Primary Care Visit (4-month-old):\n * Subjective: 4-day history of nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, dry cough; wheezing for $2$ days; fever up to $103.4\,^{\circ}F$.\n * Objective: Temp $101.1\,^{\circ}F$; HR $110$; RR $32$; BP $84/60$; Pulse ox $93\%$. Findings: Bilateral wheezing, peribronchial fluid on CXR, mild hyperinflation, atelectasis.\n * Assessment: URI and bronchiolitis with probable bronchospasm.\n * Plan: Humidifier and suction bulb.\n* Emergency Department Visit (22-year-old CF patient):\n * Chief Complaint: Hemoptysis (1-day history).\n * History: Dyspnea, tired for $5$ days, poor PFTs. Physical: Mildly cyanotic, tachypneic (RR $30$), Temp $102.1\,^{\circ}F$, BP $90/57$, Pulse ox $89\%$. Breath sounds weaker than normal.\n * Course: Intubated (ETT), placed on ventilator, ABG showed hypoxemia and hypercapnia. Bronchoscopy revealed bleeding in bronchi; treated via endobronchial electrocautery.\n* Clinic Care Consult (64-year-old smoker):\n * Symptoms: Cough for $2$ months, significant sputum, dyspnea, night sweats, lost $5\,lb$. Smokes $2$ packs per day.\n * Physical Findings: Pectoriloquy on the right upper lobe, decreased breath sounds.\n * Diagnostics: CT showed opacities in right upper lobe and pleural effusion; ABG showed mild hypoxemia.\n * Outcome: Thoracoscopy and biopsy confirmed bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. Plan: Partial lobectomy and chemotherapy.", "title": "Orange Coast College ALH 111 Chapter 10: Pulmonology Study Guide"}