Principles of Medical Laboratory Science Notes

PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

Page 1: Introduction

• Course Title: Principles of Medical Laboratory Science - 1
• Week: 9
• Date: March 12, 2025
• Parts Covered:
  • Part I: Medical Terminologies & Abbreviations
  • Part II: Ethics
• Instructor: Prof. Imelda A. De Leon, RMT, MPA

Page 2: Medical Terminologies & Abbreviations

• Focus on understanding the essential terms in medical technology and abbreviations.

Page 3: Learning Outcomes

1. Understand the root words, prefixes, and suffixes used in medical terminology.
2. Identify common abbreviations used in clinical laboratory practice.

Page 4: Medical Terminologies

• Origins: Derived from Greek or Latin words.
• Components:
  • Root word: Main part of the term.
  • Prefix: Beginning part of the term.
  • Suffix: Ending part of the term.

Page 5: Structure of Medical Terms

• Prefix: Beginning (Descriptive; indicating location, direction, etc.)
• Root: Middle (Subject; usually refers to a body part or system).
• Suffix: Ending (Indicates disease, procedure, condition, etc.).

Page 6: Examples of Word Parts

• Root Words:
  • colo- (colon),
  • hemat- (blood),
  • phlebo- (vein)
• Prefixes:
  • a/an- (without),
  • poly- (many),
  • hyper- (increased)
• Suffixes:
  • -megaly (enlargement),
  • -emia (blood condition),
  • -ostomy (create an opening).

Page 7: Medical Roots Continued

• Examples of Roots:
  • axillo- (armpit)
  • reno- (kidney)
  • rhinorrhea (nasal discharge)

Page 8: Additional Medical Roots

• More Roots:
  • cardio- (heart),
  • arthro- (joint),
  • thrombo- (clot),
  • myo- (muscle)

Page 9: Medical Prefixes - Colors

• Coloring Prefixes:
  • chromo- (color),
  • alb- (pale),
  • erythro- (red),
  • leuko- (white)

Page 10: More Prefixes

• Prefixes Continued:
  • iso- (same),
  • pseudo- (false),
  • hypo- (decreased),
  • macro- (large)

Page 11: Medical Suffixes - General

• Common Suffixes:
  • -cele (hernia),
  • -ologist (specialist),
  • -pathy (disease)

Page 12: More Suffixes

• Further Suffixes:
  • -itis (inflammation),
  • -emia (blood condition),
  • -oma (tumor)

Page 13: Terms That Change Spelling

• Singular to Plural Examples:
  • Bacterium --> Bacteria
  • Nucleus --> Nuclei

Page 14: Common Abbreviations

Page 15: More Abbreviations

Page 16: Key Points

• Understanding medical terminologies facilitates better communication among healthcare personnel.
• Familiarity with common abbreviations enhances efficiency in clinical practice.

Page 17: Ethics Introduction

• Ethical principles govern conduct in healthcare.
• Ethics involves societal norms and personal morals relating to behavior and decision-making.

Page 18: Learning Outcomes

1. Discuss the relationship between human existence and ethics.
2. Identify schools of ethics and their characteristics.

Page 19: Human Existence & Ethics

• Ethics provides a moral code guiding behavior and addressing existential questions through reasoning in various fields (science, art, etc.).

Page 20: Overview of Human Existence

• Fundamental questions explored include:
  • Who are we?
  • Why do we exist?

Page 21: Perspectives on Human Existence

• Philosophical: Examines human nature.
• Religious: Views existence as divinely created.
• Scientific: Explores through biology and evolution.

Page 22: Definition of Ethics

• Ethics: Examines right and wrong.
• Major theories: Virtue Ethics, Deontological Ethics, Utilitarianism.

Page 23: Ethical Principles

• Key ethical principles include integrity, honesty, fairness, and responsibility.

Page 24: Ethics Framework

• Ethics outlines rules of conduct, guiding practices in healthcare.

Page 25: Key Points from Ethics

• Ethics helps navigate the complex search for meaning and moral guidance in life.

Page 26: Schools of Ethics

• Relativism: Holds that morality is cultural and situational.
• Utilitarianism: Advocates for the greatest happiness as the basis for ethics.

Page 27: Diversity of Ethical Concepts

• Understand that ethics can intersect with different domains like law, love, and social transformation.

Page 28: Ethical Relativism

• Focuses on the idea that morals are culturally based, with no universal truths.

Page 29: Ethical Perspectives

• Ethical relativism shows that morality depends on context, refraining from absolute judgments.

Page 30: Ethical Pragmatism

• Focuses on practical approaches to ethical dilemmas, relevant to real-life consequences.

Page 31: Pragmatism in Healthcare

• Highlights a practical solution over idealism, balancing efficiency and patient care.

Page 32: Ethical Utilitarianism

• Prioritizes actions fostering happiness and the best outcomes for society.

Page 33: Examples in Utilitarianism

• Illustrates moral choices based on maximizing public health, such as vaccine distribution during a pandemic.

Page 34: Key Points on Ethical Theories

• Focus on ethical relativism, pragmatism, and utilitarianism within healthcare decision-making.

Page 35: Moral Issues

• Key moral issues include abortion, euthanasia, and genetic engineering, each presenting ethical challenges.

Page 36: Ethical Dilemmas in Healthcare

• Discusses the complex considerations around morally sensitive healthcare topics.

Page 37: Abortion as an Ethical Dilemma

• Raises questions regarding the status of the fetus and women’s rights.

Page 38: Perspectives on Abortion

• Pro-Life: Sees abortion as murder based on religious views.
• Pro-Choice: Advocates autonomy and reproductive rights.

Page 39: Euthanasia Ethical Dilemma

• Balances sanctity of life against the right to choose a dignified death.

Page 40: Perspectives on Euthanasia

• Discusses opposing views rooted in belief systems and rights to relieve suffering.

Page 41: Genetic Engineering Overview

• Involves screening and intervention techniques for genetic conditions.

Page 42: Techniques in Genetic Engineering

• Discusses controlling defective genes and related ethical considerations.

Page 43: Stem-cell Therapy

• Centers on the use of stem cells to treat diseases amid ethical sourcing debates.

Page 44: In Vitro Fertilization

• Controversial practice tied to religious beliefs against tampering with natural processes.

Page 45: Key Points on Ethical Reflection

• Highlights the need for balancing autonomy, dignity, and societal impacts in ethical dilemmas.

Page 46: Professional Ethics in Healthcare

• Underpins conduct and responsibilities of healthcare professionals, ensuring compassionate care.

Page 47: Role of Professional Ethics

• Guides behavior in the workplace and sustains a healthy environment.

Page 48: Importance of Ethics

• Ethics shapes behavior and decision-making in healthcare and covers diverse considerations.

Page 49: Ethical Principles - Patient Well-Being

• Prioritize patient welfare by acting in their best interest and avoiding harm.

Page 50: Upholding Honesty and Integrity

• Transparency in diagnosis and treatment options is essential in healthcare.

Page 51: Respecting Patient Autonomy

• Patients must make informed decisions without coercion; autonomy must be respected.

Page 52: Ensuring Confidentiality

• Protecting patient privacy enhances trust; practitioners must guard sensitive information.

Page 53: Promoting Fairness and Equity

• Ethical practice entails equal treatment regardless of individual differences.

Page 54: Professional Competence

• Continuous education is key for healthcare professionals to maintain high standards of care.

Page 55: Ethical Decision-Making in Dilemmas

• Frameworks guide professionals in navigating complex moral issues effectively.

Page 56: Conclusion on Professional Ethics

• Professional ethics are the backbone of healthcare, ensuring trust, fairness, and responsibility.

Page 57: Thank You

• Note: Acknowledgment of audience participation and engagement.