Comprehensive Study Guide for the UAM Selection Examination - Biological and Health Sciences Division

Purpose and Administration of the UAM Selection Examination

Admission Requirements and Enrollment Capacity:
- All degree programs at Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) have limited student capacity.
- Current regulations establish taking the selection examination as a mandatory entrance requirement.
- Purpose: Select the most capable applicants to train high-performing professionals with optimal prospects of success during their academic studies and subsequent professional practice.
Nature and Scope of the Examination:
- Evaluates knowledge acquired across Upper Secondary Education (Educación Media Superior) curricula.
- Measures foundational skills and concepts necessary for succeeding in the initial years of study at UAM.
Exam Structure and Time Allocation:
- Total number of questions: 120 multiple-choice items.
- Divided into two primary sections:
- Aptitudes (Prueba de Aptitudes)
- Specific Knowledge (Prueba de Conocimientos Específicos)
- Time allowance: 3 hours (180 minutes).
- Estimated actual required duration: Approximately 2 hours and 15 minutes ( $2.25\,\text{hours}$ ).
- Nature of test pacing: The examination is not a speed contest; applicants should take adequate time to answer, review, rectify, or ratify answers without exceeding the 3-hour limit.
Location and Administration Logistics:
- Conducted at designated academic facilities assigned by UAM.
- Exact location, date, and time are printed on the Registration Slip with Photograph (comprobante de registro con fotografía) generated upon completing registration.
- Administered in designated classrooms by an official Examination Assistant (Asistente Examinador - AE), an easily identifiable UAM representative.
Role and Responsibilities of the Examination Assistant (AE):
- Receive applicants and verify identity using the Registration Slip with Photograph.
- Distribute examination materials and carefully read all procedural instructions aloud.
- Repeat and clarify instructions as many times as necessary to prevent applicant marking errors.
- Collect completed examination materials and verify that no test booklets are mutilated or missing pages.
- Authority to immediately suspend the exam for any applicant who:
- Engages in copying or cheating.
- Disrupts examination room discipline.
- Uses any unauthorized materials.

Preparation Strategies for the Selection Examination

Effective Study Techniques:
- Active annotation: Take notes, underline text, write marginal comments, and self-generate review questions while studying.
- Focused concentration: Interrupt mechanical reading sessions to reflect deeply on key concepts.
- Comprehension verification: Solve practical problems and exercise examples immediately after learning a concept to measure understanding.
- Practical application: Connect theoretical concepts to real-world applications.
- Knowledge integration: Explicitly link new information to previously mastered material.
- Technical terminology: Consult a dictionary whenever encountering unfamiliar technical or specialized words.
- Prioritizing reasoning over rote memorization: Most of the 120 questions assess general aptitudes and foundational principles rather than raw memorization.
- Targeted preparation: Begin studying topics and subtopics specific to the chosen academic division early.
- Track alignment: Selecting a knowledge track corresponding to upper secondary studies yields higher rates of success.
Institutional Policy on Test Preparation Courses:
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana does not offer, endorse, or sponsor any examination preparation courses.
- Commercial courses claiming guaranteed admission to UAM are unauthorized and not affiliated with the university.

Examination Materials, Rules, and Answer Sheet Mechanics

Required Materials:
- Applicants must bring strictly and exclusively the following four items:
- No. 2 or No. 2 1/2 pencils.
- Pencil sharpener.
- Soft eraser (pencil-top erasers often tear the answer sheet paper).
- Black or blue ink ballpoint pen.
- Prohibited items: Calculators, electronic devices, geometry sets, scratch paper, or reference manuals. Any brought items must be left at the front of the classroom without institutional liability for loss.
Question and Answer Format:
- Multiple-choice questions featuring five response options (A, B, C, D, E).
- Exactly one option is correct per question.
- Example Question:
- Pathogenic agents that are considered non-living are:
  - A) Viruses
  - B) Fungi
  - C) Bacteria
  - D) Algae
  - E) Protozoa
- Correct Answer: A (Viruses).
Answering Strategies:
- Read each prompt fully to understand the specific objective before examining choices.
- Formulate an independent answer prior to reading the options, then match it to the choices.
- Combine core knowledge with logical reasoning.
- Avoid remaining stuck on difficult questions; complete accessible items first and return to skipped items with remaining time.
Answer Sheet Handling Procedures:
- Verification: Confirm that the printed name and registration folio number on the answer sheet exactly match the Registration Slip with Photograph. Report any discrepancy immediately to the Examination Assistant.
- Bubble marking: Darken the chosen option circle completely using a pencil.
- Single response rule: Fill only one circle per question. Marking multiple circles automatically invalidates the answer.
- Alignment tracking: Continuously match answer sheet row numbers with booklet question numbers. When skipping a question, ensure the corresponding row remains completely blank to avoid sequence shifting.
- Clean erasures: Erase changes completely to prevent optical scanners from reading double responses. The answer sheet must remain free of stray marks, tears, smudges, or folds.

Detailed Breakdown of Examination Sections

1. Aptitude Test (Prueba de Aptitudes)

Purpose and Significance:
- Evaluates general cognitive capacities and processes affecting learning, knowledge acquisition, daily problem solving, and formal reasoning.
- Exhibits strong statistical correlation with academic progress, degree completion, and professional achievement.
- Comprises two sub-tests: Verbal Reasoning and Mathematical Reasoning.

1.1. Verbal Reasoning (Razonamiento Verbal)

Core Assessed Skills:
- Reading comprehension, structural organization of ideas, interpretation of text segments, and precise manipulation of language.
Included Sub-topics:
- Reading comprehension
- Text analysis, synthesis, and interpretation
- Semantics
- Syntax
- Orthography / Spelling
- Punctuation
- Vocabulary usage
- Greco-Latin etymologies
- Metaphors
- Paradoxes
Sample Reading Passage and Analysis:
- Passage text: "The Mexican actor Alfredo Gutiérrez died yesterday in a clinic in Acapulco at the age of 74. The actor was hospitalized last Monday due to a sudden rise in blood pressure. Gutiérrez was in Acapulco working on a play titled 'Locura de amor' when he suddenly felt ill. The body will soon be transferred to Mexico City, where the funeral will take place. Regrettably, the actor will no longer be able to return to his country of origin or walk again through those cobblestone streets he walked as a child and remembered so much. With the death of Alfredo Gutiérrez, the Mexican stage loses one of the most significant actors of the 1940s."
- Question 1: The main purpose of this text is:
- A) Announce the death of the character in the play titled "Locura de amor".
- B) Announce the death of the actor Alfredo Gutiérrez.
- C) State that in Acapulco the play "Locura de amor" was presented.
- D) Announce Alfredo Gutiérrez as one of the most significant actors of the 1940s.
- E) Specify the cause of his death.
- Explanation: Option B is the correct answer. Options A, C, D, and E represent secondary details; the main objective of the text is to report his passing.
- Question 2: From the text, all of the following are implicit, EXCEPT that Alfredo Gutiérrez:
- A) Was not Mexican by birth.
- B) Missed his country of origin.
- C) Was Spanish.
- D) Had a long career as an actor.
- E) Did not die in his country of origin.
- Explanation: Option C is the correct answer. The text implies he was born outside Mexico, but does not state or imply he was specifically Spanish.
Text Analysis Guidelines:
- Read all options before selecting an answer.
- Base answers strictly on textual content rather than personal opinion or outside background knowledge.
- Ensure chosen options directly answer the specific prompt rather than merely stating a true fact.
- Practice reading literary and scientific works while tracking author arguments, logic, evidence, and implicit meanings.
Analogy and Vocabulary Guidelines:
- Verbal Analogy Question Example: "Pliers is to mechanic, as:"
- Choices: A) table is to cook; B) safe is to file cabinet; C) needle is to seamstress; D) shelf is to newspaper library; E) eye is to woman.
- Analytical process: Pliers are external tools specific to a mechanic's trade. An eye is an anatomical part of a woman (eliminates E). Safes and shelves are storage containers (eliminates B and D). A table is general furniture, whereas a needle is a specific trade tool of a seamstress. Correct Answer: C.
- Common Relationship Types in Analogies:
- Cause and effect (e.g., to rain is to wet)
- Part to whole (e.g., page is to book)
- Composition (e.g., neuron is to brain)
- Opposites / Antonyms (e.g., white is to black)
- Hierarchical classification (e.g., cat is to carnivore)
- Abstract / Letter manipulation (e.g., hazard is to chance)
- Synonym Question Example: "Conscription"
- Choices: A) consequent; B) recruitment; C) liberal; D) resign; E) considerate.
- Explanation: Conscription refers to enlisting military recruits. Correct Answer: B (recruitment).
- Antonym Question Example: "Ruin"
- Choices: A) ungrateful; B) miserable; C) miserly; D) generous; E) sickly.
- Explanation: Ruin means vile, mean, or despicable. The opposite is noble or generous. Correct Answer: D (generous).

1.2. Mathematical Reasoning (Razonamiento Matemático)

Core Assessed Skills:
- Evaluation of intellectual capabilities required across scientific disciplines using basic arithmetic operations alongside reflective, geometric, logical, and algebraic analysis.
Included Sub-topics:
- Numerical estimations and calculations
- Problem solving
- Demonstrations, proofs, and conclusions
- Mathematical manipulations
- Recognition of variables, factors, and equalities
- Mechanizations
- Numerical sequence completion
- Logical series completion
- Symbolic analogy and code transfer
- Interpretation of symbols
- Trend inference
- Interpolation and extrapolation
- Selection, interpretation, and construction of representation media (graphs, maps, tables)
Mathematical Reasoning Sample Problems:
- Example 1 (Numerical Sequence): Select the numbers that complete the sequence: $32, 34, 36, 38, 40, \underline{\quad}, \underline{\quad}$
- Choices: A) 42, 44; B) 42, 43; C) 42, 46; D) 43, 45; E) 43, 44.
- Solution: Terms are even numbers with a constant difference of 2. Correct Answer: A (42, 44).
- Example 2 (Speed Comparison): An airplane travels at $1000\,\text{km/h}$ and a bus travels at $25\,\text{km/h}$ . How many times slower is the bus?
- Choices: A) 40; B) 30; C) 20; D) 10; E) 50.
- Solution: Divide airplane speed by bus speed: $\frac{1000\,\text{km/h}}{25\,\text{km/h}} = 40$
- Correct Answer: A (40).
- Example 3 (Geometric Angles): In a diagram, line $AOB$ is straight ( $180^\circ$ ), and line $OC$ is perpendicular to line $OD$ ( $90^\circ$ ). If the adjacent angle on line $AOB$ is $25^\circ$ , what is angle $x$ ?
- Choices: A) $45^\circ$ ; B) $55^\circ$ ; C) $65^\circ$ ; D) $75^\circ$ ; E) $85^\circ$ .
- Solution: $180^\circ - (90^\circ + 25^\circ) = 180^\circ - 115^\circ = 65^\circ$
- Correct Answer: C ( $65^\circ$ ).
- Example 4 (Algebraic Word Problem): A man is 60 years old and his son is 28. In how many years ( $x$ ) will the son's age be $\frac{5}{9}$ of the father's age?
- Choices: A) 14 years; B) 12 years; C) 13 years; D) 9 years; E) 7 years.
- Solution: Formulate the linear equation: $28 + x = \frac{5}{9}(60 + x)$ $9(28 + x) = 5(60 + x)$ $252 + 9x = 300 + 5x$ $4x = 48 \implies x = 12$
- Correct Answer: B (12 years).

2. Specific Knowledge Test Syllabus: Biological and Health Sciences Division (CBS)

Purpose: Evaluates domain-specific background knowledge and conceptual mastery necessary for success in Biological and Health Sciences academic programs.

2.1. Verbal Reasoning Syllabus

Reading Comprehension:
- Textual analysis, synthesis, and interpretation.
- Understanding structural relationships (antecedent-consequent, cause-effect).
Written Communication:
- Semantics, syntax, orthography/spelling, punctuation, vocabulary management.
- Greco-Latin etymologies, metaphors, and paradoxes.

2.2. Mathematical Reasoning Syllabus

Numerical Reasoning:
- Symbol interpretation, equation construction, numerical estimations, problem solving.
- Mathematical proofs and conclusions, logical series, trend inference.
- Variable/factor recognition, equalities, mechanizations, symbolic analogies, code transfer.
- Interpolation, extrapolation, graphical variant interpretation, map and table construction.

2.3. Specific Knowledge: Biology Syllabus

Evolution:
- Geological eras.
- Evolutionary theories: Lamarck, Darwin, and Synthetic Theory (Modern Synthesis).
Biochemistry:
- Carbohydrates: Chemical structure, biological importance, stereoisomerism.
- Proteins: Chemical structure, biological importance.
- Nucleotides and nucleic acids: Chemical structure, biological importance.
Cytology:
- Cellular structure: Membranous organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes) and corpuscular organelles (ribosomes).
- Cell physiology: Transport mechanisms (passive transport, osmosis, active transport), cell division (mitosis and meiosis), cellular respiration.
Genetics:
- Mendel's Laws.
- Molecular bases of genetics: Concepts of gene and chromosome.
Histology:
- Plant tissues: Upper leaf surface (haz), lower leaf surface (envés), xylem, phloem, meristems.
- Animal tissues: Endothelium, epithelium, mesenchyme, muscle, nervous, glandular, osseous (bone).
Anatomy and Physiology:
- Plant anatomy/physiology: Structure and function of root, stem, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds; photosynthesis.
- Animal and human anatomy/physiology: Structure and function of integumentary, skeletal, muscular, digestive, respiratory, circulatory, reproductive, and nervous systems.
Organismal Diversity:
- Woese's Three Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya.
- Margulis's Five Kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.
- Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic differential characteristics.
- Plant diversity: Major plant divisions.
- Animal diversity: Major animal phyla.
Ecology:
- Concepts of population, community, biome/ecosystem, biogeographic region, biosphere.
- Ecosystem structure and function.
- Terrestrial and aquatic biomes: Tundra, forests, grasslands/prairies, deserts, aquatic ecosystems.
- Natural resources: Biotic and abiotic.
- Biogeochemical cycles: Water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles.
Health Education:
- Biological, psychological, and social aspects of human sexuality.
- Sexual health risks and sexually transmitted infections: Syphilis, HIV/AIDS, gonorrhea, genital herpes, hepatitis C, human papillomavirus (HPV).
- Biopsychosocial implications of reproduction: Unplanned pregnancy, abortion, contraception.
- Basic personal hygiene.
- Nutrition: Nutritional deficiency diseases, eating disorders, food pyramids/charts.

2.4. Specific Knowledge: Mathematics Syllabus

Arithmetic:
- Least common multiple (LCM) and greatest common divisor (GCD).
- Fractional operations.
Algebra:
- Like terms and parenthetical simplification.
- Laws of exponents and radicals.
- Ratios, proportions, percentages, and rule of three.
- Polynomial operations (emphasis on multiplication and division).
- Special products (productos notables) and factoring.
- Algebraic fractions.
- Systems of linear equations.
- Quadratic equations and equations reducible to quadratic form.
Trigonometry:
- Similar triangles and Pythagorean theorem.
- Angle measurement and degree-radian conversions.
- Trigonometric functions, values for special angles ( $45^\circ$ , $60^\circ$ , $90^\circ$ , $180^\circ$ ), half-angle and double-angle formulas.
- Trigonometric identities, addition formulas, Law of Sines, Law of Cosines.
Analytic Geometry:
- Euclidean plane, distance between points, midpoint formulas.
- Slope, line equations, line intersections.
- Equations and primary elements of circle, parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola.
Differential and Integral Calculus:
- Differentiation rules for sum, product, quotient, and power functions.
- Immediate integrals.
Logarithms and Exponents:
- Logarithmic properties and exponential operations.
Statistics:
- Measures of central tendency and dispersion.

2.5. Specific Knowledge: Physics Syllabus

Measurement Standards:
- Dimensional analysis and International System of Units (SI).
- Fundamental vs. derived physical quantities; scalar vs. vector quantities.
- Scientific notation and unit conversions.
Kinematics:
- Concepts of displacement, velocity, acceleration.
- Uniform rectilinear motion (URM) and uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion (UARM).
- Circular motion and projectile motion.
Dynamics:
- Concepts of inertia, momentum, kinetic energy, potential energy, work, power.
- Newton's Laws of Motion.
Thermodynamics:
- Laws of thermodynamics.
- Gas laws.
Electromagnetism:
- Electric charge, Coulomb's Law, electric potential.
- Resistance and Ohm's Law.
Optics:
- Physical optics: Wave properties, frequency, amplitude.
- Geometric optics: Absorption, diffusion, solar spectrum.

2.6. Specific Knowledge: Chemistry Syllabus

General Chemistry:
- Atomic models and atomic orbitals.
- Periodic table trends and chemical bonding types.
Inorganic Chemistry:
- Nomenclature, acid-base equilibrium, redox systems, stoichiometry.
Organic Chemistry:
- Organic nomenclature and functional groups.
- Carbon bonding with H, O, N, P, and S.

Complete Practice Examination Questions and Solutions

Verbal Reasoning Practice Exercises

Reading Comprehension Exercises

Passage Text: "Economic development is a process through which countries transition from a backward state of the economy to an advanced state. This achieved level in development represents better living standards for the population as a whole. Two fundamental expressions of economic development are increases in production and per capita productivity. In economic growth, the expression of the labor force, capital formation, increased production, sales, and trade are manifested. This concept allows understanding the economic development of a nation in quantitative terms."
Question 1: The main purpose of this text is:
- A) Explain some economic concepts
- B) Describe a country's economic situation
- C) Discuss priority and negative aspects of economic development
- D) Demonstrate that the economic situation influences a people's life
- E) Regulate economic activity
- Correct Answer: A
Question 2: Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the reading?
- A) The prosperity of the country
- B) Per capita income and productivity
- C) Mexico and economic development
- D) Social development
- E) Economic development and growth
- Correct Answer: E
Question 3: According to the reading, which of the following statements quantitatively expresses a country's economy?
- A) Capital formation
- B) Increase in real per capita income
- C) Improving living standards day by day
- D) Quantitative changes in the economy
- E) Actions applied by the State
- Correct Answer: A
Question 4: The reading suggests that all of the following options are implicit, EXCEPT:
- A) Economic development is significant in a country
- B) The handling of these concepts is controversial
- C) It explains the process by which countries transition from a backward state to an advanced state in their economy
- D) The economy grows qualitatively
- E) The population improves its living conditions
- Correct Answer: B
Question 5: The position of the author of this text is:
- A) Explain the differences between economic development and economic growth
- B) Inform about a country's economic progress
- C) Explain the process through which countries transition from a backward to an advanced state in their economy
- D) Talk about the expansion of capital
- E) Criticize economic development
- Correct Answer: A

Written Communication Exercises

Question 6: From the excerpt of Platero y yo by Juan Ramón Jiménez, identify the monosyllables that carry an accent: "Platero es pequeño, peludo, suave; tan blanco por fuera, que se diría todo de algodón que no lleva huesos. Sólo los espejos de azabache de sus ojos son duros cual dos escarabajos de cristal negro"
- A) All monosyllables except tan
- B) The word se
- C) The word de
- D) None, since monosyllables do not take orthographic accents (unless diacritical)
- E) All monosyllables except que
- Correct Answer: D
Question 7: Complete the sentence using spelling rules: "Los agentes de seguridad o_ser_a_an a los que entra_an y salían del camerino."
- A) b - b - v - b
- B) b - v - b - v
- C) b - v - b - b
- D) b - v - v - b
- E) v - b - b - b
- Correct Answer: C (observaban, entraban)
Question 8: Indicate punctuation marks for the blank spaces ("A" for Exclamation, "I" for Question):
1. Luis, _ pusiste las cosas que te encargué en mi cuarto_ (I)
2. Qué impresionante lluvia cayó ayer por la tarde (A)
3. Me prestas dinero, es que necesito comprar un litro de leche. (I)
4. Qué hermoso está ese vestido negro (A)
5. Cuando supo el precio del carro gritó: _ Lo compro_ (A)
6. No escuché el mensaje, _ tú sabes qué me quiso decir_ (I)
- Sequence choices: A) A, I, A, I, I, A; B) I, A, I, I, A, I; C) A, A, I, I, A, I; D) I, I, I, A, A, A; E) I, A, I, A, A, I
- Correct Answer: E
Question 9: Indicate orthographic error mappings:
- A) 1:h,m; 2:h,i; 3:d,j
- B) 1:e,f; 2:h; 3:c,d,k
- C) 1:c,h,m; 2:f; 3:c,k
- D) 1:e,i,l; 2:h; 3:d,k
- E) 1:c,j; 2:f,h; 3:c,d,k
- Correct Answer: C
Question 10: Identify the word that must be written with "J":
- A) legible
- B) legiones
- C) gestión
- D) legía (lejía)
- E) legislatura
- Correct Answer: D
Question 11: "Yo poeta lo digo nunca de allá nos vino nada sin que tuviera el suave gusto del pan amigo, el sabor generoso de la voz camarada". After the word "digo", insert:
- A) a period
- B) a colon
- C) a double hyphen
- D) an exclamation mark
- E) a comma
- Correct Answer: B
Question 12: Words ending in -JE, -JERO, -JERIA are written with -J-. An exception is:
- A) paje
- B) cerrajero
- C) relojería
- D) mensajero
- E) esfinje (esfinge)
- Correct Answer: E
Question 13: Complete spaces with 'b'/'v', 'c'/'z'/'s': "Entre los espectáculos que se dan actualmente en París, figura uno que alcan_a muy _rillante éxito y que sin duda se reprodu_irá durante la expo_i_ión. Se trata de un _inematógrafo especial que reprodu_e los actos de la _ida pú_lica y pri_ada de su Santidad el Papa."
- Choices:
- A) z, v, s, s, s, c, z, b, b, v
- B) s, b, z, c, s, c, c, b, v, b
- C) z, b, s, s, c, c, c, b, v, v
- D) z, b, c, s, c, c, c, v, b, v
- E) z, v, s, s, c, c, c, v, v, v
- Correct Answer: D
Question 14: Match letters to missing characters (1. ll, 2. y, 3. g, 4. j):
- Prompts: a. ave; b. __oyo; c. á__uila; d. e__emplar; e. a__enda; f. a__udar; g. diri__imos, aá.
- Choices:
- A) 1:b, e, g; 2:d, f; 3:a, g; 4:c
- B) 1:d; 2:b, e, g; 3:c, f; 4:a, g
- C) 1:a, g; 2:b, f; 3:c, e, g; 4:d
- D) 1:g; 2:c, f, g; 3:a, e; 4:b, d
- E) 1:c, f; 2:d, e, g; 3:b, g; 4:a
- Correct Answer: C
Question 15: Complete missing letters (s, c, z): "Nuestro pariente inglé_ es alegrí_imo, si bien ve_es abre la boca para de_ir algo, las mismas que te ha_e reír. Él es siempre sorpre_ivo."
- Choices: A) s, c, c, c, c, s, s; B) s, s, c, c, c, s; C) s, s, c, c, c, z; D) z, s, c, s, s, c, s; E) z, z, s, c, c, c, s.
- Correct Answer: B
Question 16: Complete sentences using homophone options:
- 1) El maestro solo _____ las libretas. (hojeó - b)
- 2) _____ si nos ponemos de acuerdo. (A ver - a)
- 3) La ganadería _____ es la principal fuente. (bovina - a)
- 4) El poema es _____ y armonioso. (bello - a)
- 5) Muy exigente para _____ los colores. (combinar - b)
- 6) El fotógrafo _____ sus rollos. (revela - b)
- 7) Dejó _____ la copa de vino. (vacía - a)
- Choices: A) 1:b; 2:a; 3:a; 4:a; 5:b; 6:b; 7:a; B) 1:a; 2:a; 3:b; 4:a; 5:b; 6:a; 7:b; C) 1:b; 2:b; 3:a; 4:b; 5:a; 6:b; 7:b; D) 1:a; 2:b; 3:b; 4:b; 5:a; 6:a; 7:a; E) 1:b; 2:a; 3:b; 4:b; 5:b; 6:a; 7:a.
- Correct Answer: A
Question 17: Classify word pairs as Synonyms (1), Antonyms (2), or Neither (3):
- Pairs: a. Auténtico-refrendado; b. Espurio-legítimo; c. Camino-ranchar; d. Trompicar-tropezar; e. Dilapidar-atesorar; f. Infortunio-querella; g. Hábito-personalidad; h. Cavilar-distraerse; i. Urna-artefacto; j. Efebo-adolescente.
- Choices:
- A) 1:b, e, h; 2:a, d, j; 3:c, f, g, i
- B) 1:b, e, j; 2:a, d, h; 3:c, f, g, i
- C) 1:b, c, d; 2:a, e, h, j; 3:f, g, i
- D) 1:b, d, f, h; 2:c, g, j; 3:a, e, i
- E) 1:a, d, j; 2:b, e, h; 3:c, f, g, i
- Correct Answer: E
Question 18: Select word pairs with opposite meanings:
1. Emigración - repatriación
2. Felón - pérfido
3. Circunvecino - remoto
4. Soberbio - arrogante
5. Ribete - cenefa
6. Amedrentar - apocar
7. Comparecencia - ausencia
- Choices: A) 3 and 5; B) 1, 2, and 4; C) 6 and 7; D) 3, 6, and 7; E) 1, 3, and 7.
- Correct Answer: E
Question 19: Antonym of "Fuero":
- A) fruit; B) gain; C) punishment; D) impetus; E) privilege.
- Correct Answer: C
Question 20: Antonym of "Fuga":
- A) composition; B) apprehension; C) foundation; D) escape; E) fusion.
- Correct Answer: B
Question 21: Etymologically, "ecuación" means:
- A) difference; B) integral; C) variable; D) equality; E) constant.
- Correct Answer: D
Question 22: Etymologically, "equivalencia" means:
- A) variable; B) difference; C) equality; D) integer; E) sufficiency.
- Correct Answer: C
Question 23: Select prefixes to complete words: _acelerar, _muros, _luz, _selección, _dictador, _misor.
- Choices:
- A) des, intra, contra, pre, ex, trans
- B) des, intra, trans, pre, ex, contra
- C) des, pre, contra, ex, trans, intra
- D) pre, ex, intra, trans, contra, des
- E) pre, contra, intra, ex, pre, trans
- Correct Answer: A
Question 24: Base derivation forming "vanagloriar":
- A) Suffix plus root
- B) Compound word plus suffix
- C) Primitive word plus suffix
- D) Derived word plus suffix
- E) Root plus suffix
- Correct Answer: B
Question 25: Interpretation of the proverb "A grande caballo grandes espuelas":
- A) Everyone seeks their own benefit
- B) Said of a highly effective person in a discipline
- C) Used when offering something to someone who already has it
- D) Situations seeking to glorify someone
- E) Indicates that every cause is proportional to its effect
- Correct Answer: E

Mathematical Reasoning Practice Exercises

Question 26: In the sequence $8, 7, 11, 10, 14, \dots$ , the next two numbers are:
- A) 13, 16; B) 18, 14; C) 13, 17; D) 18, 17; E) 15, 18.
- Correct Answer: C
Question 27: In the sequence $75, 74, 72, 71, \dots$ , the next two numbers are:
- A) 69, 71; B) 69, 67; C) 68, 67; D) 69, 68; E) 15, 18.
- Correct Answer: D
Question 28: In the sequence $6, 18, \underline{\quad}, 360, 2160$ , the missing number is:
- A) 48; B) 72; C) 54; D) 36; E) 90.
- Correct Answer: B
Question 29: In the sequence $2, 3, 5, 8, \dots$ , the next number is:
- A) 10; B) 11; C) 13; D) 14; E) 16.
- Correct Answer: C
Question 30: In the sequence $9, 17, 11, 19, \dots$ , the next number is:
- A) 11; B) 13; C) 15; D) 22; E) 27.
- Correct Answer: B
Question 31: In the sequence $13, 18, 24, 29, \dots$ , the next two numbers are:
- A) 34, 39; B) 34, 41; C) 35, 40; D) 35, 39; E) 35, 41.
- Correct Answer: C
Question 32: A bottle has a capacity of $\frac{9}{5}\,\text{liters}$ and contains oil at $\frac{5}{9}$ capacity. Liters of oil present:
- A) 0.555; B) 1; C) $\frac{56}{45}$ ; D) $\frac{25}{81}$ ; E) $\frac{81}{25}$ .
- Correct Answer: B
Question 33: In a group of 60 students, $\frac{1}{10}$ fall ill; $\frac{2}{3}$ of infected stay in bed. Number attending class:
- A) 6; B) 40; C) 54; D) 56; E) 58.
- Correct Answer: D
Question 34: The list $1, 6, 11$ is obtained by substituting $n = 1, 2, 3$ into:
- A) $\frac{1}{3(n-1)+1}$
- B) $2(n-1)+4-n$
- C) $(n-1)+2n$
- D) $2(n-1)+1$
- E) $3(-1)^n + 5n - 1$
- Correct Answer: E
Question 35: Juan has 75% of $1650, Antonio has 48% of $625, Roberto has 33% of $827. Total money:
- A) $1400.51; B) $1539.41; C) $1700.39; D) $1810.41; E) $1901.31.
- Correct Answer: D
Question 36: A car travels $180\,\text{km}$ on $12\,\text{liters}$ of gas. Distance on $20\,\text{liters}$ :
- A) $350\,\text{km}$ ; B) $280\,\text{km}$ ; C) $325\,\text{km}$ ; D) $300\,\text{km}$ ; E) $200\,\text{km}$ .
- Correct Answer: D
Question 37: 55% of city residents own a car, and $\frac{2}{5}$ do not use it on weekends. Percentage who DO use it:
- A) 45%; B) 88%; C) 22%; D) 33%; E) 67%.
- Correct Answer: D
Question 38: Bank offers 5% semi-annual interest. Total after 1 year on $1000 deposit without withdrawals:
- A) $1050.00; B) $1102.50; C) $1100.00; D) $1210.50; E) $1100.50.
- Correct Answer: B
Question 39: In parallel line diagram $m_1 \parallel m_2$ , value of $x$ :
- A) $\frac{9}{2}$ ; B) 4; C) $\frac{2}{9}$ ; D) 6; E) $\frac{3}{2}$ .
- Correct Answer: D
Question 40: Diagonals drawn from a single vertex in a polygon equal the number of sides:
- A) minus two; B) minus three; C) plus three; D) plus two; E) plus four.
- Correct Answer: B
Question 41: In diagram with parallel lines, angle $z$ in degrees:
- A) $80^\circ$ ; B) $60^\circ$ ; C) $100^\circ$ ; D) $30^\circ$ ; E) $40^\circ$ .
- Correct Answer: B
Question 42: Maximum number of distinct triangles in the figure:
- A) 5; B) 6; C) 7; D) 8; E) 9.
- Correct Answer: D
Question 43: If $A = 2C$ and $B = 3C$ , value of angle $A$ :
- A) $40^\circ$ ; B) $45^\circ$ ; C) $50^\circ$ ; D) $60^\circ$ ; E) $70^\circ$ .
- Correct Answer: D
Question 44: Number of smaller equilateral triangles obtained when forming a tetrahedron from an equilateral triangle:
- A) 2; B) 3; C) 4; D) 5; E) 6.
- Correct Answer: C
Question 45: True expression for any non-zero $a$ :
- A) $\frac{20a^2}{5} = 4a$
- B) $\frac{20a^2}{5a} = 4a$
- C) $\frac{20a}{5a^2} = 4a$
- D) $\frac{20a}{5a} = 4a$
- E) $\frac{20a^2}{5a^2} = 4a$
- Correct Answer: B
Question 46: Algebraic representation of "the square of the sum of two quantities equals square of first plus twice first by second plus square of second":
- A) $(a+b)^2 = a^2 - 2ab + b^2$
- B) $(a+b)^2 = a^2 + ab + b^2$
- C) $(a+b)^2 = a^2 + 2ab + 2b$
- D) $(a+b)^2 = a^2 + 2ab + b^2$
- E) $(a+b)^2 = a^2 - 2ab - b^2$
- Correct Answer: D
Question 47: A rancher bought double the roosters as oxen ( $x$ ). Paid $70 per rooster and $85 per ox, total $2700. Equation:
- A) $85x + 70x = 2700$
- B) $170x + 140x = 2700$
- C) $85x + 140x = 2700$
- D) $85x + 35x = 2700$
- E) $170x + 70y = 2700$
- Correct Answer: C
Question 48: Pedro's age is double Juan's ( $x$ ). 20 years ago, Pedro was triple Juan's age. Equation:
- A) $2x - 20 = 3(x - 20)$
- B) $2x - 20 = 3(x + 20)$
- C) $2x - 20 = 3x + 20$
- D) $2x - 20 = 3x - 20$
- E) $x - 20 = 2x + 20$
- Correct Answer: A
Question 49: Express 85 as sum of two terms where triple the smaller ( $x$ ) equals double the larger. Equation:
- A) $3x - 2x = 2(85-x)$
- B) $3x = 2(85 - x)$
- C) $3x = 2(85 + x)$
- D) $3x - 2 = 85 - x$
- E) $2(3x) = 2(85 - x)$
- Correct Answer: B
Question 50: Lidia bought bean sacks for $240. Buying 3 more sacks for same money lowers price per sack by $4. Equation for price $x$ :
- A) $(x + 3)(x - 4) = 240$
- B) $\frac{240}{x} - \frac{240}{x+3} = 3$
- C) $\frac{240}{x} - \frac{240}{x+3} = 4$
- D) $\frac{240}{x} = \frac{240}{x+3} - 4$
- E) $3x + 240 = 4x + 240$
- Correct Answer: A

Specific Knowledge: CBS Practice Exercises

Question 51: Binomial system of classification was proposed by:
- A) Haldane; B) Linnaeus; C) Darwin; D) Aristotle; E) Lamarck.
- Correct Answer: B
Question 52: Theory proposing living beings arise from inert matter:
- A) Autotrophic; B) Spontaneous generation; C) Evolutionist; D) Heterotrophic; E) Abiotic synthesis.
- Correct Answer: B
Question 53: Specific position of a gene on a chromosome:
- A) Locus; B) Allele; C) Attachment point; D) Centrosome; E) Deletion center.
- Correct Answer: A
Question 54: A homozygous individual presents:
- A) Two different alleles for a gene; B) A germ cell mutation; C) Two genes for one trait; D) A protein coded by two genes; E) Two identical alleles for a gene.
- Correct Answer: E
Question 55: Disease caused by bacteria:
- A) Measles; B) Flu; C) Polio; D) Typhoid; E) Rabies.
- Correct Answer: D
Question 56: Organisms carrying out enzymatic breakdown under anaerobic conditions:
- A) Viruses; B) Bacteriophages; C) Bacteria; D) Fungi; E) Yeasts.
- Correct Answer: E
Question 57: Theory explaining origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts:
- A) Natural selection; B) Endosymbiosis; C) Evolution; D) Compartmentalization; E) Adaptation.
- Correct Answer: B
Question 58: Kingdom with greatest diversity among eukaryotes:
- A) Animalia; B) Protista; C) Plantae; D) Monera; E) Fungi.
- Correct Answer: B
Question 59: Organisms involved in penicillin production:
- A) Yeasts; B) Protozoa; C) Algae; D) Viruses; E) Fungi.
- Correct Answer: E
Question 60: Fungi forming basidia as result of fertilization:
- A) Myxomycetes; B) Phycomycetes; C) Basidiomycetes; D) Deuteromycetes; E) Ascomycetes.
- Correct Answer: C
Question 61: Extinct organisms preserved in Earth's crust are known as:
- A) Models; B) Ontogenes; C) Shells; D) Fossils; E) Remains.
- Correct Answer: D
Question 62: Terrestrial plants fix carbon obtained from:
- A) Fertilizer; B) Food; C) Soil; D) Water; E) Atmosphere.
- Correct Answer: E
Question 63: Movement of chromosomes from equatorial plate to poles during mitosis occurs in:
- A) Prophase; B) Metaphase; C) Anaphase; D) Telophase; E) Interphase.
- Correct Answer: D
Question 64: Skeleton, muscle, blood, blood vessels, and connective tissue derive from:
- A) Ectomesoderm; B) Endomesoderm; C) Mesoderm; D) Ectoderm; E) Endoderm.
- Correct Answer: C
Question 65: Group containing sugars and starches:
- A) Hydrocarbons; B) Amino acids; C) Lipids; D) Proteins; E) Carbohydrates.
- Correct Answer: E
Question 66: Intracellular membranous system with or without attached corpuscles:
- A) Cell membrane; B) Vacuoles; C) Endoplasmic reticulum; D) Golgi; E) Chloroplast.
- Correct Answer: C
Question 67: Axial skeleton comprises:
- A) Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges; B) Pelvis, femur, tibia; C) Ilium, ischium, fibula; D) Scapula, clavicle, humerus; E) Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage.
- Correct Answer: E
Question 68: Haversian canals are located in:
- A) Cartilage; B) Spongy bone; C) Red bone marrow; D) Periosteum; E) Compact bone tissue.
- Correct Answer: E
Question 69: Blood cells responsible for transporting $\text{CO}_2$ :
- A) Platelets; B) Lymphocytes; C) Erythrocytes; D) Neutrophils; E) Leukocytes.
- Correct Answer: C
Question 70: Direction of nerve impulse transmission in a neuron:
- A) Soma $\rightarrow$ dendrite $\rightarrow$ axon; B) Dendrite $\rightarrow$ soma $\rightarrow$ axon; C) Axon $\rightarrow$ dendrite $\rightarrow$ soma; D) Dendrite $\rightarrow$ axon $\rightarrow$ soma; E) Soma $\rightarrow$ axon $\rightarrow$ dendrite.
- Correct Answer: B
Question 71: Black bear, lynx, wolf, bighorn sheep inhabit:
- A) North America; B) Africa; C) Polar ice caps; D) Siberia; E) Scandinavian Peninsula.
- Correct Answer: A
Question 72: Tropical rainforest biome is characterized by:
- A) Year-round drought and scarce vegetation; B) Year-round rain and exuberant vegetation; C) Seasonal rain; D) Under 250 mm precipitation; E) Polar proximity.
- Correct Answer: B
Question 73: Essential biological interaction for survival of two species:
- A) Association; B) Parasitism; C) Commensalism; D) Mutualism; E) Symbiosis.
- Correct Answer: E
Question 74: Energy transfer through a sequence of organisms is called:
- A) Active transport; B) Metabolic energy; C) Energy dependence; D) Trophic chain; E) Passive transport.
- Correct Answer: D
Question 75: AIDS is transmitted through:
- A) Semen, blood, sneezing; B) Semen, blood, vaginal secretions; C) Semen, sweat, feces; D) Saliva, blood, vaginal secretions; E) Semen, blood, kissing.
- Correct Answer: B
Question 76: Iron deficiency in humans causes:
- A) Anemia; B) Scurvy; C) Tuberculosis; D) Diabetes; E) Amnesia.
- Correct Answer: A
Question 77: Number that is $\frac{2}{3}$ of $\frac{1}{2}$ of double of 6:
- A) 4; B) 5; C) 10; D) 6; E) 2.
- Correct Answer: A
Question 78: Number by which 80 must be divided to equal $\frac{3}{5}$ :
- A) $123\frac{1}{2}$ ; B) 130; C) 129; D) $133\frac{1}{3}$ ; E) 143.
- Correct Answer: D
Question 79: Expression $3\sqrt{4}$ equals:
- A) $24\sqrt{2}$ ; B) 2; C) 6; D) 8; E) 3\sqrt{9}$.\n * Correct Answer: C\n\n* **Question 80:** Solution set for system of equations:\n * A) (-2, 2); (2, 6) $; B)$ (2, -2); (-2, 6) $; C)$ (-2, 2); (-2, -6) $; D)$ (-2, 2); (2, 6) $; E)$ (2, 2); (2, -6).\n * Correct Answer: D\n\n* **Question 81:** Triangle with sides 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm is:\n * A) Isosceles; B) Right-angled; C) Acute; D) Equilateral; E) Obtuse.\n * Correct Answer: B\n\n* **Question 82:** Circle equation centered at (-2, 3) with radius 4:\n * A) x^2 - xy + 3y = 3\n * B) x^2 + y^2 + 4x - 6y - 3 = 0\n * C) x^2 + y^2 = 9\n * D) x - y - 6 = 16\n * E) x^2 - y^2 - 63 = 0\n * Correct Answer: B\n\n* **Question 83:** Equation \frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1 represents:\n * A) Hyperbola; B) Circle on y-axis; C) Ellipse; D) Parabola; E) Paraboloid.\n * Correct Answer: C\n\n* **Question 84:** Value of summation \sum_{j=2}^4 j:\n * A) 8; B) 6; C) 7; D) 9; E) 0.\n * Correct Answer: D\n\n* **Question 85:** Derivative of \ln(x) $with respect to$ x:\n * A) \ln(x) $; B)$ \frac{1}{x} $; C)$ 4x $; D)$ \frac{1}{x^2 - 1}; E) 0.\n * Correct Answer: B\n\n* **Question 86:** Average speed of car traveling 450\,\text{km} $in$ 10\,\text{hours}:\n * A) 450\,\text{km/h} $; B)$ 45\,\text{km/h} $; C)$ 4.5\,\text{km/h} $; D)$ 4500\,\text{km/h} $; E)$ 0.45\,\text{km/h}.\n * Correct Answer: B\n\n* **Question 87:** Measure of body inertia:\n * A) Shape; B) Size; C) Rigidity; D) Mass; E) Temperature.\n * Correct Answer: D\n\n* **Question 88:** Acceleration of cannonball in mid-air:\n * A) Zero; B) Upward then downward; C) Downward then upward; D) Upward all the time; E) Constant and downward.\n * Correct Answer: C\n\n* **Question 89:** Work done moving charge against electric field:\n * A) W = V q\n * B) V = E d\n * C) P = V I\n * D) V = I R\n * E) R = I E\n * Correct Answer: A\n\n* **Question 90:** Plane mirror reflects light rays without:\n * A) Light image; B) Spherical aberration; C) Ray beam in same order as arrival; D) Right-left inversion; E) Continuous shadow.\n * Correct Answer: C\n\n* **Question 91:** Converging lens shape:\n * A) Thin center, thick edges; B) Uniform thickness; C) Thick only in center; D) Thin only in center; E) Thick center, thin edges.\n * Correct Answer: E\n\n* **Question 92:** Thermodynamic process without heat transfer:\n * A) Isothermal; B) Isobaric; C) Adiabatic; D) Isomorphic; E) Isosteric.\n * Correct Answer: C\n\n* **Question 93:** Absolute zero is the \_\_\_\_\_ temperature limit, corresponding to \_\_\_\_\_ kinetic energy:\n * A) lower, maximum kinetic; B) lower, minimum mechanical; C) upper, maximum kinetic; D) upper, minimum kinetic; E) lower, minimum kinetic.\n * Correct Answer: E\n\n* **Question 94:** Ideal gas equation:\n * A) \Delta Q = c A \Delta T\n * B) g = \frac{G M_e}{R_e^2}\n * C) p V = n R T\n * D) Q = -v + w\n * E) W = \int p\,dv\n * Correct Answer: C\n\n* **Question 95:** Smallest individual unit of chemical compound retaining properties:\n * A) Molecule; B) Element; C) Mixture; D) Atom; E) Mineral.\n * Correct Answer: A\n\n* **Question 96:** Law of conservation of matter applies to:\n * A) Adiabatic processes only; B) Isothermal processes only; C) Closed systems only; D) Open systems only; E) Any process and system.\n * Correct Answer: C\n\n* **Question 97:** Quantum numbers are symbolized by:\n * A) K,L,M,N; B) n,l,s,p; C) s,p,d,f; D) n,l,m,s; E) k,l,m,n.\n * Correct Answer: D\n\n* **Question 98:** Valence electrons of Sulfur ({}_{16}\text{S}):\n * A) 14; B) 16; C) 6; D) 4; E) 8.\n * Correct Answer: C\n\n* **Question 99:** Non-metal reacting with oxygen forms a(n):\n * A) Epoxide; B) Hydroxide; C) Anhydride; D) Acid; E) Dioxide.\n * Correct Answer: C\n\n* **Question 100:** Compound where Nitrogen has +3 oxidation state:\n * A) \text{N}_2\text{O} $; B)$ \text{N}_2\text{O}_3 $; C)$ \text{NO} $; D)$ \text{N}_2\text{O}_5 $; E)$ \text{N}_2\text{O}_4$.
- Correct Answer: B
Question 101: Atoms in compounds are bound by:
- A) Polarity; B) Electronegativity; C) Valence; D) Bonds; E) Energy.
- Correct Answer: D
Question 102: Maximum covalent bonds Phosphorus ( ${}_{15}\text{P}$ ) can form:
- A) 5; B) 0; C) 1; D) 3; E) 9.
- Correct Answer: A
Question 103: Chemical formula of sodium bisulfite:
- A) $\text{NaHSO}_4$ ; B) $\text{Na}_2\text{S}$ ; C) $\text{Na}_2\text{SO}_3$ ; D) $\text{Na}_2\text{SO}_4$ ; E) \text{NaHSO}_3$.\n * Correct Answer: E\n\n* **Question 104:** Substance donating electron pairs:\n * A) Brönsted-Lowry acid; B) Electrolyte; C) Lewis acid; D) Lewis base; E) Brönsted-Lowry base.\n * Correct Answer: D\n\n* **Question 105:** Subscripts in chemical formulas indicate composition in:\n * A) Mass; B) Volume; C) Moles; D) Weight; E) Density.\n * Correct Answer: C\n\n* **Question 106:** Grams in 0.75\,\text{moles} $of ethane ($ \text{C}_2\text{H}_6):\n * A) 45; B) 22.5; C) 0.75; D) 4; E) 30.\n * Correct Answer: B\n\n* **Question 107:** Element reduced in: \text{KMnO}_4 + \text{KCl} + \text{H}_2\text{SO}_4 \rightarrow \text{MnSO}_4 + \text{K}_2\text{SO}_4 + \text{Cl}_2 + \text{H}_2\text{O}\n * A) Chlorine; B) Manganese; C) Potassium; D) Sulfur; E) Oxygen.\n * Correct Answer: B\n\n* **Question 108:** When an element oxidizes, it:\n * A) Gains electrons; B) Loses electrons; C) Loses neutrons; D) Gains protons; E) Loses protons.\n * Correct Answer: B\n\n* **Question 109:** Organic compound where all carbons possess sp^2$$ hybridization:
- Choices: A) Alkanes/Saturated; B) Partially saturated; C) Alkyne; D) Monosaturated; E) Benzene ring/Fully conjugated ring.
- Correct Answer: E
Question 110: Dehydration of two alcohol molecules produces:
- A) Acid; B) Ketone; C) Ester; D) Ether; E) Aldehyde.
- Correct Answer: D

Recommended Bibliography

Biology References:
- Alexander, P., Baharet, M. J., et al., Biología, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1992.
- Villee, C., Solomon, E., et al., Biología, McGraw-Hill, 8th Edition, Spain, 2001.
Physics References:
- Resnick, Robert, Física, CECSA, Volumes 1 & 2, 5th Edition, Mexico, 2002.
- Oyarzábal, J., A. Félix, and M. Velazco, Lecciones de Física, CECSA, 1st Edition, Mexico, 1987.
- Stollberg, R. and F. F. Hill, Física: fundamentos y fronteras, Publicaciones Cultural, 1st Edition, Mexico, 1979.
Mathematics References:
- Baldor, Aurelio, Aritmética, Grupo Editorial Patria, 2nd Edition, Mexico, 2007.
- Baldor, Aurelio, Álgebra, Grupo Editorial Patria, 2nd Edition, Mexico, 2007.
- Baldor, Aurelio, Geometría y trigonometría, Grupo Editorial Cultural, 2nd Edition, Mexico, 2008.
- Lehmann, Charles H., Geometría analítica, Limusa, 1st Edition, Mexico, 2008.
Chemistry References:
- Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Química, la ciencia central, Pearson Prentice-Hall, 9th Edition, Mexico, 2004.
- Chang, Raymond, Química general para bachillerato, McGraw-Hill, 4th Edition, Mexico, 2008.
- Dingrado, Laurel, Kathleen V. Gregg, Nicholas Hainen, and Cheryl Wistrom, Química, materia y cambio, McGraw-Hill, 1st Edition, Mexico, 2002.
- Recio, Francisco, Química inorgánica, Bachillerato, McGraw-Hill, 4th Edition, Mexico, 2008.
- Whitten, Kenneth W., Davis, Raymond E., Química, Cengage Learning Editores, 8th Edition, Mexico, 2008.
Verbal Reasoning & Written Communication References:
- Cohen, Sandro, Redacción sin dolor, Planeta, 5th Edition, Mexico, 2010.
- Kabalen, D. and M. A. de Sánchez, La lectura analítico–crítica. Un enfoque cognoscitivo aplicado al análisis de la información, Trillas/ITESM, Mexico, 2003.
- Reyes, Ángela, Manual práctico de formación de palabras, Edinumen, Madrid, 2001.
- Ruiz de Gauna, M. and N. Fernández, En otras palabras: Vocabulario en contexto con actividades, Edinumen, Madrid, 2000.
- Serafini, Teresa, Cómo redactar un tema, Paidós, Barcelona, 1992.
Methodological Method References:
- Maqueo, Ana, Redacción, Limusa, 1st Edition, Mexico, 1985.
- College Entrance Examination Board, Guía para orientadores y oficiales de admisión, Puerto Rico, 1974.
- Méndez, José, Problemas económicos de México, McGraw-Hill, 6th Edition, Mexico, 2008.