Unit 1

Sigmund Freud: Founder of Psychoanalytic Theory, which emphasizes the importance of unconscious processes and conflicts.
- Ego, Superego, Id:
- Id: The primitive part of personality that operates based on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of needs and desires without considering consequences.
- Ego: Functions on the reality principle and mediates between the unrealistic id and external real world; it is responsible for realistic thinking and planning.
- Superego: Represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.
- Free Association: A method in psychoanalysis where patients speak freely about their thoughts, feelings, and emotions, aiming to uncover unconscious thoughts and thus resolve psychological conflicts.
- Defense Mechanisms: Psychological strategies used by individuals to cope with anxiety and maintain a positive self-image, including:
- Repression: Excluding distressing memories or thoughts from awareness.
- Denial: Refusing to accept reality or facts.
- Projection: Attributing unwanted thoughts or feelings to someone else.
- Displacement: Shifting emotional reactions from the true source of distress to a safer substitute.

Carl Jung:
- Collective Unconscious: A part of the unconscious mind that is shared among beings of the same species, comprising memories and archetypes common to humanity.
Alfred Adler:
- Inferiority Complex: A psychological condition where an individual feels so inadequate that it leads to an overwhelming sense of inferiority. It results from the perceived lack of abilities compared to others.
Rorschach Test: A projective psychological test consisting of inkblots used to assess emotional and psychological characteristics.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): A projective test designed to reveal a person's social drives or needs by their interpretation of a series of pictures depicting various scenes.

Abraham Maslow:
- Self-Actualization: The realization or fulfillment of one's talents and potential, often considered as a drive or need that motivates individuals to develop and grow.
Carl Rogers:
- Unconditional Positive Regard: Accepting and respecting others as they are without judgment or evaluation.

“Big Five” Personality Traits: A widely recognized model in psychology that outlines five broad dimensions of personality:
- Openness to Experience: Reflects a person's willingness to try new things and be open to new ideas.
- Conscientiousness: Denotes high levels of thoughtfulness, good impulse control, and goal-directed behaviors.
- Extraversion: Involves energy, positive emotions, and the tendency to seek stimulation in the company of others.
- Agreeableness: Reflects individual differences in concern for social harmony; individuals who score high are typically more cooperative.
- Neuroticism: Indicates a tendency toward emotional instability, anxiety, moodiness, and irritability.
Trait-Style Tests: Assessments that evaluate individual personality traits through structured questionnaires or inventories.

Albert Bandura: A major proponent of social-cognitive theory that emphasizes the importance of observational learning, imitation, and modeling in behavior development.
- Reciprocal Determinism: The theory that a person's behavior is influenced by personal factors, environmental factors, and their behavior itself, in a reciprocal way.
- Self-Efficacy: A person's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task, significantly impacting their level of motivation and behavior.
- Self-Serving Bias: A common cognitive bias that tends to favor oneself in evaluating oneself positively while blaming external factors for failures.
- Self-Esteem: Refers to an individual's overall subjective emotional evaluation of their own worth.
- Spotlight Effect: The tendency for people to overestimate the extent to which their actions and appearance are noticed by others.
Individualistic vs. Collectivist Culture:
- Individualistic Culture: Emphasizes personal autonomy, self-reliance, and the rights of the individual over the group.
- Collectivist Culture: Emphasizes the interdependence of individuals and prioritizes the needs and goals of the group over individual desires.

Wisdom and Knowledge: Cognitive strengths related to the acquisition and use of information.
- Strengths: Creativity, curiosity, open-mindedness, love of learning, and perspective.
Humanity: Interpersonal strengths focusing on caring relationships.
- Strengths: Love, kindness, and social intelligence.
Justice: Strengths regarding optimal relationships between individuals and communities.
- Strengths: Teamwork, fairness, and leadership.
Courage: Involves will and fortitude to overcome internal or external challenges.
- Strengths: Bravery, perseverance, integrity, and enthusiasm.
Temperance: Protects from excess and promotes balance in behavior.
- Strengths: Forgiveness, humility, prudence, and self-control.
Transcendence: Allows individuals to find meaning and appreciation for life beyond immediate troubles.
- Strengths: Appreciation of beauty and excellence, purpose, gratitude, optimism, and humor.

Definition: Positive psychological change that some individuals may experience following a life crisis or traumatic event.
Key Insights: Post-Traumatic Growth does not deny distress but suggests that adversity can lead to significant changes in self-understanding and worldview.
Coexistence: Post-traumatic growth can occur alongside post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Five Areas of Post-Traumatic Growth:
1. Changes in Interpersonal Relationships: Improvements and alterations in how individuals relate to others.
2. Recognition of New Opportunities: Identifying new paths and priorities in life post adversity.
3. Greater Appreciation of Life: Enhanced valuation of one’s own life and life in general.
4. Recognition of Personal Strengths: Realization of one’s own fortitude and resilience.
5. Spiritual or Existential Development: Growth in terms of personal beliefs, values, and purpose after challenging experiences.