a&p 1 skeletal system exam 2

Kinesiology and the Skeletal System

Overview of the Unit

• Focus on Kinesiology, Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy related to the muscular and skeletal systems.

• Exam Two will cover the skeletal system broadly, detailing bones, joints, and muscle anatomy.

• The skeletal system includes:

  • 206 bones in the human body.

  • Joints and skeletal cartilages.

Contents of Chapter 7

• Examination of the skeletal system emphasizing:

  • Anatomy of bones and joints.

  • Physiology related to bone formation, growth, and health.

• Reminder about SmartBook readings due next Wednesday.

• Review of lab materials, specifically "Overview of the Skeletal System".

Structural Organization of Bones

• Hierarchy of Structural Organization:

  • Gross anatomy

  • Microscopic anatomy

  • Chemical structure

• Emphasis on understanding both anatomical and physiological aspects of bone.

Anatomy of a Long Bone

• Understanding the composition of long bones:

  • Types of Tissues in Bones:

  • Osseous tissue (bone)

  • Cartilage

  • Dense irregular connective tissue (periosteum)

  • Nervous tissue (nerve supply)

  • Blood vessels

• Functions of Bones:

  • Support: Framework for soft tissues.

  • Protection: Enclosing and protecting vital organs.

  • Movement: Bones act as levers for muscular action.

  • Mineral Storage: Major storage for calcium and phosphorus.

  • Energy Storage: Yellow marrow (adipose tissue).

  • Hematopoiesis: Blood cell formation (red bone marrow).

Types of Tissues in Bones

• Osseous Tissue:

  • The primary tissue type in bones.

• Cartilage:

  • Hyaline cartilage at ends of bones (articular cartilages).

• Periosteum:

  • Dense irregular connective tissue covering bones, containing nerve and blood supply.

Types of Skeletal Cartilage

• Cartilage: Supporting connective tissue categorized into three types:

  1. Hyaline Cartilage:

  • Most abundant, provides flexibility and support.

  • Locations: Embryonic skeleton template, rib cage (costal cartilage), articular cartilage of long bones, respiratory tract (larynx, trachea).

  1. Fibrocartilage:

  • Best for shock absorption; present in intervertebral discs, menisci (knee), and the pubic symphysis.

  1. Elastic Cartilage:

  • More flexible due to elastic fibers, found in the ear and the epiglottis (not considered skeletal cartilage).

Growth of Cartilage

• Appositional Growth:

  • Growth in width and thickness from the outer edge (perichondrium).

• Interstitial Growth:

  • Growth in length from within the cartilage's center.

• Cartilage Regeneration:

  • Limited due to its avascular nature; slow healing capacity.

Classification of Bones

• By Shape:

  1. Long Bones:

  • Ex. Humerus, femur; longer than wide.

  1. Short Bones:

  • Ex. Carpals, tarsals, patella (sesamoid bone).

  1. Flat Bones:

  • Ex. Sternum, parietal bones; thin and flat structure.

  1. Irregular Bones:

  • Ex. Vertebrae, hip bones; complicated shapes.

Structure of Long Bones

• Components:

  • Diaphysis: Shaft of the bone; hollow center (medullary cavity).

  • Epiphysis: Ends of the bone, contains spongy bone within.

  • Articular Cartilage: Hyaline cartilage at joints.

  • Periosteum: Outer fibrous layer connecting tendons and ligaments to bone.

  • Endosteum: Inner membrane lining the medullary cavity.

Bone Marrow Types

• Red Bone Marrow:

  • Responsible for blood cell production; primarily found in flat and irregular bones.

• Yellow Bone Marrow:

  • Adipose tissue that serves as energy reserve; predominant in adult long bones.

Summary of Functions and Applications

• Support: Providing structure and stability to the body.

• Protection: Protecting vital internal organs and systems.

• Leverage for Movement: Bones as levers for muscle action in movement and manipulation.

• Mineral and Energy Storage: Homeostasis of minerals and energy reserves vital for physiological health (calcium and phosphorous storage).

• Hematopoiesis: Continuous formation of blood cells essential for immunity and oxygen transport in the body.