Cam 13 test 2

Fragrant= having a pleasant smell

Spice= a type of powder or seed, taken

from plants, that you put into food you

are cooking to give it a special taste

Native= growing, living, produced etc in

one particular place = indigenous

Mix with= blend with, combine with, add

to

Anoint=to make someone holy in

a religious ceremony by putting holy water

or oil on them

Token= signal, mark, evidence

Mourner= a person who attends a funeral

as a relative or friend of the dead person.

Funeral= a ceremony for burying or

cremating (=burning) a dead person

Scent= smell, fragrance

Additive= a substance that is added to

food to improve its taste, appearance etc

Flavour= to give something a particular

taste or more taste

Purchase= buy

Condiment= spice, seasoning, flavoring

Exotic= foreign, non-native

Banquet= formal meal

At someone’s disposal= available to sb

Cure= heal, treat, alleviate

Ailment= illness, sickness, disease

Indigestion= pain or discomfort in the

stomach associated with difficulty in

digesting food

Desire= to want something, especially

strongly.

Elite= the richest, most powerful in a

society

Consumption= the act of eating, drinking

or using products

Demand for something= need, desire,

wish, want

Merchant= dealer, buyer and seller,

tradesman

Guard= protect, defend

Rival= competitor, opponent, enemy, foe #

partner, ally

Overland= across the land, not by sea or

by air

Have monopoly of= have exclusive

possession, have control over something

Virtual= almost, nearly

Exorbitantly= to a very high degree that

does not seem reasonable

Couple something with something=

to consider one thing along with or

in addition to something else

Spur = encourage, stimulate, boost

Eager = enthusiastic, excited

Cultivation= the preparation and use of

land for growing plants or crops

Ethnic group= a group of people from a

particular culture or of a particular race

Peel= to remove the skin of fruit and

vegetables

Pliable= easily bent, flexible

Curl= to form or cause to form into a

curved or spiral shape

Associate with= link with, connect with ,

relate to

Tribute= something that you say, do, or

give in order to express your respect or

admiration for someone

Enslave= to make somebody a slave

Harvest= to gather crops from the fields

Generate profits= earn, gain money

Set your sights on something= to decide

to achieve something

Displace somebody= replace = to take

the place or position of something or

someone

Ally yourself to/with somebody= to start

to support someone

Inland= center, inner, domestic

In return for= as an exchange for

something

Overrun= invade, spread

Occupy= take possession of, invade

Expel somebody from somewhere= to

force someone to leave a place

Lucrative= profitable, money-making

# unprofitable

Hold= control, power, influence

Treat sb harshly= to behave towards

somebody sb in an unkind or cruel way

Boost= spur, stimulus, increase

Satisfy somebody’s appetite= supply

enough food or goods in order to satisfy

the high demand of someone

Ever-increasing= increasing all the time

Alter= change, convert

Practice= custom, procedure, tradition,

habit, method, system

Exhausted= depleted, used up, run out,

spent, finished

Strip off/of= to remove, pull or tear the

covering, or outer layer from something.

Bark= the hard outer covering of a tree

Supplement= add to, enhance, increase,

make bigger

Diminish= decrease, decline, reduce,

lessen, shrink

# increase

Supersede= to take the place of

something/somebody that is considered to

be old-fashioned or no longer the best

available

Reinforce= strengthen, consolidate

# weaken

Prairie= plain, grassland, savannah

Vole= a small animal like a mouse

or rat that lives in fields or near rivers

Mate= if animals mate, they have sex to

produce babies

Trigger= cause, generate # stop, halt

Release= to allow a substance to move

or flow freely

Attachment= bond, closeness,

relationship, intimacy

Reputation= fame, renown

Sniff= inhale, breathe

Trusting= willing to believe that other

people are good and honest

Empathetic= having the ability to

imagine how someone else feels

Generous= willing to give money, spend

time etc, in order to help people or give

them pleasure # mean, selfish

Cooperative= willing to work with

someone else to achieve something that

you both want

Revise= adjust, change, correct,modify.

Optimistic= positive, bright # pessimistic

A new wave of= a new trend, a new

movement

Vary= differ, be different

Social interaction= is the way people

talk and act with each other and various

structures in society

Emerge= come out, appear # disappear

Groundbreaking= unprecedented,

revolutionary, innovative, pioneering

Anonymous= nameless, unknown,

unidentified # named

Guarantee= assure, ensure, warrant.

Nasal= related to the nose

Placebo= a substance given to someone

who is told that it is a particular medicine

as a physiological test, but it has no

actual effects (just for experiments)

Lonesome= lonely, solitary, isolated

Charitable= giving, generous,

benevolent, open-handed

Constructively= usefully, beneficially,

helpfully # destructively

Argument= disagreement

Fuel (the view that)= increase,

stimulate, fire

Universally= everywhere, worldwide,

globally, internationally

Enhance= improve, boost, enrich,

Increase

aspects of our social nature= social

features of human.

Contrasting = conflicting, opposing

# similar

Inhale= breathe in, take in, sniff in

Envy= jealousy # goodwill

Administer= manage, control

Outcome= result, consequence, effect,

aftermath

Disposition= nature, character,

personality

Adept= expert, skillful, proficient,

talented # inept

Cooperation= collaboration

Subject= a person that participates in a

test.

Sensitive= easily offended, easily

upset, easily hurt

Rejection= refusal, denial # acceptance

Conduct= carry out, organize

Reveal= make public, publish, divulge,

disclose, unveil # hide, conceal

A dose of= a measured amount of

something such as medicine

Favouritism= the act of unfairly treating

one person better than others because

you like them better

Associate smt with smt= link with,

connect with, relate to

Drive somebody to do something=

to strongly influence someone to do

something

Social circle= a group of people who are

socially connected

Defend (from)= protect, guard, secure,

shield

Bias= the action of supporting or

opposing a particular person in unfair

way, because of allowing personal

opinions to influence your judgment=

prejudice, partiality.

Promote= encourage, foster, develop,

boost, stimulate # obstruct, impede

Goodwill= kindness

Subtlety= a small but important detail

Take no notice of= not to give st

attention, ignore

Nuanced= made slightly different in

appearance, meaning or sound, etc

Propel smth down= push/force/boost/

drive smth down.

Investigation= examination, study,

inspection

Pinpoint= locate, identify, find

Core= central, key, basic, fundamental,

principal, primary, main, chief, crucial #

minor

Catalogue= list, classify

Hypothesis= theory, assumption

Mutually exclusive= not possible at the

same time

Motivate= encourage, stimulate

Seek out= look for smt using a lot of

effort.

Spotlight= attention, focus

Posture= gesture, position, pose

Flicker= glimmer

A dip of voice= a soften voice

Attuned to= familiar with

Identify= recognize, single out, pick out,

spot, point out, know

Overly= too, very.

Prone to= likely to get, likely to have,

susceptible, vulnerable

Interpret= understand, comprehend,

make sense of, explain

Social cues= Verbal/Nonverbal hints

which can be negative or positive. These

cues guide the conversation—(ex: vocal

tone, facial expression, body

language,...)

In the worst light= in a negative way=

negatively.

Perplexing= complex, complicated

Molecule= the simplest unit of a

chemical substance, usually in a group of

two or more atoms.

Co-opt= include in a group.

Primitive= prehistoric, ancient, earliest

higher-order thinking= think at a level

that is higher than memorizing facts or

telling something back to someone

exactly the way it was told to you.

Manifest= display, show, reveal, express

Make the most of sth= to take full

advantage of sth because it may not last

long.

In the course of= while, during

Conduct= carry out, organize

Recognize= realize, be aware of, identify

Profound= intense, extreme, great

Aspiration= desire, wish, aim

Peripheral= outer, external # central

Ignore= take no notice of/pay no attention

to

Innovation= revolution, modernization

Adopt a wait-and-see approach= accept

formally a method that it must wait to see

Take the lead= to be the first to start doing

something or be most active in doing

something

Response= reaction, reply

Miss= fail to grasp, fail to take, let go

Jeopardize= threaten, risk, put in danger

Cede= give up, leave

Transform= alter, convert, change

Twofold= having two parts.

Spur smb to= urge, push, stimulate, drive

Expansively= broadly, widely, thoroughly

Engender= produce, cause, create

Value proposition= the benefits that a

product or service provides to customers,

especially by being different to or better

than a competitor’s products/services.

Personnel= worker, staff, employee

Adept at= expert, skillful, talented

Infuse= inspire

Augment= supplement, enhance, boost,

increase

Retain= keep, hold, maintain

Attribute= quality, characteristic, trait,

feature, element

Unleash= release, set free # control

Downturn= decline, downward,

recession

Opulence= wealth, affluence, richness

Cheapen= reduce, lower, lower in price

Initiate= start, begin, commence

Eager= enthusiastic, excited, keen

Insight= perception, awareness,

understanding, comprehension

Launch= introduce, start, begin

Vibrant= vivid, lively, colorful

Conventional= normal, regular,

traditional

Sub-brand= a secondary brand within a

main brand

Avert= prevent, stop, avoid

Across-the-board= affecting everyone

or everything in a situation

or organization

Recession= downturn, decline, collapse

Mindset= a set of attitudes or fixed ideas

that somebody has and that are often

difficult to change

Renewal= reform

Retailer= a person or business that sells

goods to customers in a shop

Demonstrate= show, indicate, prove

Commitment= responsibility, promise

Tangible= visible, obvious, apparent,

clear

Accumulate= gather, collect

Redeem= exchange, convert

Abandon= leave, give up

Offering= product or service

Augment (with)= to increase the value,

amount, effectiveness of something.

Radical= revolutionary, progressive

Transcend= go further, go beyond,

exceed

Entail= require, need, demand

Address= solve, tackle, deal with

Arise from= be caused/produced by

A novel experience= a new experience,

not like anything seen before.

At first glance= when you first look at or

think about something, often rather

quickly

Incorporate= integrate, combine

Irrelevant= unconnected, unrelated

Worthwhile= valuable, useful,

beneficial,

# worthless, useless

Move= initiative, step, action, measure

Integrate= combine, incorporate

Athletic= relating to sports

Team up with= to join with another

partners to do something together

Comprise= include, consist of # exclude

Amateur= non-professional, non-

specialist

Engagement with= the fact that you

becoming involved with someone or

something in order to understand them

Counteract= to do smt to reduce or

prevent the bad or harmful effects of smt

Reaffirm= to state something again in

order to emphasize that it is still true

Stress= emphasize, underline,

underscore

Oppose= be against, object to, disagree

with, disapprove of # support, in favor of

Undesirable= unpleasant, unwelcome,

unwanted # desirable, pleasant,

preferable

Accomplish= achieve, complete

Perceive= become aware of, recognize,

Feature= to show something as a

special or important part of something

Interactive= involving communication

between people

Virtual= Something that is virtual can be

done or seen using a computer and

therefore without going anywhere or

talking to anyone.

Cater= serve, satisfy, provide, supply,

offer.

Obesity= fatness, overweightness

Perspective= viewpoint, outlook,

standpoint

Determine=decide on, come to a

decision about, choose

Category= a category in retailing is a

group of the same products (ex: soft

drinks, detergents,etc)

Reinvigorate= to make something

stronger, or more exciting or successful

again= refresh, revive, recover.

Analysis= examination, study,

evaluation

Disparity= difference, gap, discrepancy

Clash= conflict, fight

Undesired= unexpected, unwanted

Shape (v)= form