HIS Review

Lesson One:

Ten percent Plan: President Lincoln's Reconstruction strategy that required 10% of voters in former Confederate states to swear allegiance to the Union, a lenient approach criticized by Radical Republicans who preferred the stricter Wade-Davis Bill.

League of Nations: An international organization formed after World War I to prevent future conflicts, heavily debated in the U.S., where President Woodrow Wilson’s vision was ultimately rejected by Congress, partly due to fears of compromising American sovereignty.

Wade-Davis Bill: A Reconstruction proposal by Radical Republicans requiring a majority of white males in Confederate states to pledge loyalty to the Union, contrasting with Lincoln’s more lenient Ten percent Plan and ultimately vetoed by him.

Thirteenth Amendment (ends slavery): Abolished slavery in the United States, a critical step in Reconstruction that also faced resistance from Southern states, leading to measures like the Black codes to limit African American rights.

Fourteenth Amendment (civil rights): Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all born or naturalized in the U.S., particularly aimed at protecting the civil rights of freed slaves and countering Southern resistance seen in the Black codes.

Fifteenth Amendment (right to vote): Prohibited denying the right to vote based on race, color, or previous servitude, aiming to secure African American political participation, though practices like sharecropping and Jim Crow laws sought to undermine this right.

Radical Republicans: A faction in Congress that pushed for harsh penalties on the former Confederate states and stronger protections for freed slaves, advocating for policies like the Wade-Davis Bill and pushing for the impeachment of Andrew Johnson.

sharecropping: A system that replaced slavery in the South where freed slaves and poor whites worked land owned by others in exchange for a share of the crops, perpetuating economic dependency and undermining the goals of the Freedmen's Bureau.

Dawes Act of 1887: A law aimed at assimilating Native Americans by dividing tribal lands into individual allotments, undermining communal landholding traditions and accelerating the loss of

Lesson Two:

"Gilded" Age: A period in late 19th-century American history marked by rapid industrialization and economic growth, but also widespread corruption and social inequality, with figures like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller amassing great wealth while workers struggled for rights in events like the Homestead Strike.

Mass production: A system of producing goods on a large scale using assembly lines and techniques like scientific management, which helped corporations like Standard Oil and Carnegie Steel dominate their industries.

Capital goods vs. consumer goods: Capital goods refer to machinery and tools used to produce other goods (like the steel from Carnegie Steel), while consumer goods are products made for individual consumption, illustrating the industrial shift of the Gilded Age.

Standard Oil: John D. Rockefeller's oil company, which became the largest monopoly in the U.S. by using vertical integration and cutthroat practices, making it a symbol of corporate power and economic dominance in the Gilded Age.

John D. Rockefeller: Founder of Standard Oil, who monopolized the oil industry through vertical integration and became one of the wealthiest men of the Gilded Age, his business practices sparking debates about corporate power and regulation.

Social Darwinism: A philosophy that applied Darwin’s theory of natural selection to society, used by Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller to justify their immense wealth and the economic inequalities of the Gilded Age.

Knights of Labor: A labor organization that sought to unite all workers in the fight for better working conditions, gaining prominence in the 1880s but declining after events like the Haymarket Riot.

Trade unionism: The movement to organize workers into unions to negotiate collectively with employers, which grew during the Gilded Age, particularly with the rise of groups like the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor.

American Federation of Labor: Founded by Samuel Gompers, this organization focused on skilled workers and bread-and-butter issues like wages and hours, becoming a leading voice for trade unionism in the late 19th century.

Haymarket Riot: A violent clash between police and labor protesters in Chicago in 1886, which discredited the Knights of Labor and marked a turning point in the labor movement's struggle for rights like the eight-hour day.

The "eight-hour day": A central demand of the labor movement during the Gilded Age, sought by unions like the Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor, and central to conflicts like the Haymarket Riot.

Eugene V. Debs: A prominent socialist and labor leader who helped organize railway workers and led the Pullman Strike, advocating for radical change in a society dominated by corporations like Standard Oil and Carnegie Steel.

Lesson Three:

**Suburbanization**: The movement of people from urban centers to residential suburbs, driven by the growth of cities like New York and Chicago, as parks like **Central Park** and attractions like **Coney Island** offered escapes from city life.

**"Form follows function”**: A design principle championed by architect **Louis Sullivan**, which shaped the aesthetics of American **skyscrapers** and modern urban architecture by prioritizing practicality over ornamentation.

**Lynching**: The violent, extrajudicial killings of African Americans, particularly in the South, which activists like **Ida B. Wells** fiercely opposed as they sought to combat the racial violence upheld by **Jim Crow laws**.

**Ida B. Wells**: A pioneering African American journalist and civil rights activist who led an anti-**lynching** campaign, exposing the brutal realities of racial violence and fighting against **Jim Crow laws** in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

**Booker T. Washington**: An influential African American leader who advocated for economic self-sufficiency and vocational training for Black Americans, contrasting with the more activist approach of leaders like **W.E.B. Du Bois**.

**W.E.B. Du Bois**: A prominent African American intellectual and co-founder of the **NAACP**, who championed civil rights and the advancement of the **“talented tenth”** to challenge **Jim Crow laws** and racial inequality.

**The "talented tenth"**: A concept advocated by **W.E.B. Du Bois** that emphasized the leadership of the top 10% of educated African Americans in securing civil rights and equality, in contrast to **Booker T. Washington**’s focus on vocational training.

**"Double consciousness"**: A term coined by **W.E.B. Du Bois** to describe the internal conflict experienced by African Americans as they navigated their identity within a society structured by **Jim Crow laws** and racial discrimination.

**NAACP**: The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, co-founded by **W.E.B. Du Bois**, played a key role in fighting segregation, **lynching**, and other forms of racial injustice during the early 20th century.

**National American Women’s Suffrage Association (NAWSA)**: Led by figures like **Susan B. Anthony**, this organization fought for women's suffrage, with more moderate approaches compared to **Alice Paul's** militant tactics.

**Poll tax**: A discriminatory tax used in the South to disenfranchise African American voters, alongside other measures like **Jim Crow laws** and literacy tests, which **W.E.B. Du Bois** and the **NAACP** worked to dismantle.

**Jim Crow laws**: Racial segregation laws in the South that institutionalized discrimination against African Americans, leading to widespread violence like **lynching** and a system of racial inequality challenged by activists like **Ida B. Wells**.

**James Vardaman**: A Mississippi politician and staunch supporter of **Jim Crow laws** and white supremacy, opposing efforts for African American civil rights and playing a role in the persistence of racial segregation in the South.

Lesson Four:

**Nineteenth Amendment**: Ratified in 1920, this amendment granted women the right to vote, culminating decades of activism by groups like the **National American Women’s Suffrage Association** and the more militant **National Women's Party**.

**Eighteenth Amendment**: Enacted in 1919, it established **Prohibition**, banning the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol in the U.S., a moral reform effort linked to the Progressive Era alongside women’s suffrage campaigns.

**National Women’s Party**: Founded by **Alice Paul**, this organization used more aggressive tactics, such as picketing the White House, to push for women's suffrage, helping secure the passage of the **Nineteenth Amendment**.

**Treaty of Versailles**: The peace treaty that ended World War I, it imposed harsh penalties on the **Central Powers**, created the **League of Nations**, and was heavily debated in the U.S., with opposition led by **Henry Cabot Lodge**.

**Fourteen Points**: President Woodrow Wilson's post-World War I peace plan, which included the creation of the **League of Nations**, but many of its points were rejected during negotiations for the **Treaty of Versailles**.

**Vladimir Lenin**: Leader of the **October Revolution** in Russia and head of the Bolsheviks, whose rise to power in 1917 helped inspire fears of communism in the U.S., contributing to the first **Red Scare**.

**League of Nations**: An international organization proposed in Wilson’s **Fourteen Points** to prevent future wars, included in the **Treaty of Versailles** but rejected by the U.S. Senate due to opposition from figures like **Henry Cabot Lodge**.

**“Red Scare”**: A period of intense fear of communism and radical leftist ideologies in the U.S. following World War I, spurred by the **October Revolution** in Russia and concerns over labor strikes and anarchist bombings.

**Triple Alliance**: A pre-World War I military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, which formed part of the **Central Powers** during the conflict.

**Triple Entente**: A pre-World War I alliance between France, Russia, and Britain, which later expanded to form the core of the **Allied Powers** during the war.

**Allied Powers**: The coalition of nations, including Britain, France, and eventually the U.S., that fought against the **Central Powers** in World War I, leading to victory and the signing of the **Treaty of Versailles**.

**Central Powers**: The alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire during World War I, ultimately defeated by the **Allied Powers** in a conflict marked by **trench warfare** and **unrestricted submarine warfare**.

**American ‘exceptionalism’**: The belief that the U.S. has a unique role in promoting democracy and liberty, shaping its involvement in World War I and President Wilson’s push for the **League of Nations** in his **Fourteen Points**.

**Zimmerman telegram**: A secret message sent by Germany to Mexico in 1917, proposing a military alliance against the U.S. if it entered World War I, which was intercepted and increased American support for joining the **Allied Powers**.

**Selective Service Act of 1917**: A law that established the military draft during World War I, significantly expanding the U.S. armed forces to support the **Allied Powers** and fight against the **Central Powers**.

**Espionage Act of 1917**: Passed during World War I, this law made it illegal to interfere with military operations or support enemies of the U.S., part of broader efforts to suppress dissent, including the **Sedition Act of 1918**.

**Sedition Act of 1918**: An extension of the **Espionage Act of 1917**, this law criminalized speech deemed disloyal or abusive toward the U.S. government during World War I, contributing to the repression of anti-war activists and socialists.

Lesson Five:

Nineteenth Amendment: Ratified in 1920, this amendment granted women the right to vote, a major victory for suffragists and a transformative moment in American democracy, coming as the country recovered from the Recession of 1920-1921.

Recession of 1920-1921: A sharp post-World War I economic downturn that disrupted industries like auto manufacturing, though innovations like the assembly line by Henry Ford helped spur recovery and mass production of the Model T.

Model T: Introduced by Henry Ford, this affordable car revolutionized American transportation, made possible by the assembly line, and played a key role in shaping the consumer economy of the 1920s.

Henry Ford: Founder of Ford Motor Company, who revolutionized industrial production with the assembly line, making the Model T accessible to millions and contributing to the growth of an oligopoly in the auto industry.

Assembly line: A manufacturing process perfected by Henry Ford to produce the Model T efficiently, which lowered costs and helped solidify the dominance of an oligopoly in the automobile industry.

Dawes Plan: A 1924 arrangement designed to ease Germany's reparations payments from World War I by restructuring its debt, which helped stabilize the European economy and eased international tensions post-war.

Reparations payments: Financial penalties imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles after World War I, which were partially restructured under the Dawes Plan to help Germany's economy recover.

National Origins Act: A 1924 law that severely restricted immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, reflecting the era's nativist sentiments, as seen in the rise of groups like the Ku Klux Klan and anti-Catholicism in political debates.

Anti-Catholicism: A strong prejudice against Catholics that influenced American politics in the 1920s, particularly during Alfred E. Smith's 1928 presidential campaign, where groups like the Ku Klux Klan attacked his faith.

Ku Klux Klan: A white supremacist group that experienced a resurgence in the 1920s, promoting racism, anti-Catholicism, and nativism, and using violence to enforce their views on immigration, race, and religion.

Scopes Trial: A 1925 legal case that challenged a Tennessee law banning the teaching of evolution, symbolizing the clash between science and religious fundamentalism in the 1920s, with Clarence Darrow defending and William Jennings Bryan prosecuting.

Langston Hughes: A key figure in the Harlem Renaissance, Hughes's poetry and writings captured the struggles and aspirations of African Americans, making him a leading voice in the cultural flowering of the 1920s.

Harlem Renaissance: A cultural movement in the 1920s centered in Harlem, celebrating African American creativity in literature, art, and music, with figures like Langston Hughes leading the way in challenging racial inequality through art.