IR 314 - International and Internal Environment in Turkey

The International Environment

  • Bipolar World Break Down

    • The rigidities of the bipolar world began to diminish, leading to a phase of détente.
    • Introduction of new geopolitical dynamics as the world moved towards multipolarity.

  • US Decline

    • The United States lost considerable global strength during this transitional period.

  • Growth of the Third World

    • The Third World countries started to gain strength and influence, altering the global balance of power.

  • 1973 Oil Crisis

    • This crisis significantly undermined the political dominance of the Western powers, impacting their foreign policies and economic stability.

The Internal Environment

  • Historical Context (1960-1980)

    • This period was marked by significant events in Turkey, including military coups.

  • Domestic Turmoil

    • The country faced social anarchy exacerbated by economic difficulties.
    • Increased confrontations between left and right-wing groups, leading to armed violence among students.

  • Economic Devaluations

    • Three major devaluations occurred in the year 1977, reflecting economic instability.

  • Foreign Policy Dynamics

    • Important foreign policy decisions were made and implemented during these two decades.

Turkey's Strategic Efforts

  • Political and Economic Independence

    • Turkey aimed to reduce its political and economic reliance on Western powers.

  • Turkish Foreign Policy (TFP)

    • The essence of TFP included seeking allies for the Cyprus issue and finding alternative resources to mitigate economic challenges.

  • Realpolitik Approach

    • For the first time since before World War II, Turkey pursued a foreign policy free from ideological biases.

  • Continued Dependence

    • Despite efforts for independence, reliance on foreign resources persisted.

  • Military Intervention in Cyprus (1974)

    • Marked as a crucial and autonomous event, showcasing Turkey's assertiveness as a strategic medium power.
    • This intervention was not approved by the hegemonic powers, illustrating Turkey’s shift towards more radical and independent behavior.