Prejudice, Stereotypes, and Bias Summary

Prejudice involves beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes about a group, often negative and not based on personal experience.
It can be conscious or unconscious and relate to race, sex, gender, religion, culture, disability, sexuality, etc.
Prejudice is based on assumptions and generalizations rather than facts.
Discrimination is the manifestation of prejudice, leading to stigmatization.
Early theories suggested prejudice is ingrained, linked to personality traits like aggression and intolerance.
Prejudice is acquired, developing as one learns about social categories.
It is emotionally charged, directed at a group, and based on rigid generalizations, often unrelated to reality.

Influenced by status, social learning, power structures, conformity, job competition, psychodynamic factors, historical facts, situational factors, personality needs, frustration, aggression, and authoritarian personalities.

Includes intergroup contact, psycho-education, anti-prejudice propaganda, incongruent roles, social legislation, and personality change techniques.

Stereotypes are fixed mental pictures or overgeneralized ideas, often negative, shared by a group.
They are rigid, resistant to change, and linked with emotional experiences.
Stereotypes are cognitive frameworks that can be self-confirming, influencing perception and behavior.
They arise from social interaction, in-group/out-group relationships, and conflicts.
Information supporting stereotypes is readily accepted, while contradictory information is rejected.

Cognitive frameworks developed from past experiences used to interpret social information.

Influence social interaction, control and predict social behavior, and are used in commercial advertisements.
Can lead to misunderstandings at familial, national, and international levels.

Develop through social learning, social perception, group norms, and reference groups.
Influenced by socio-cultural conditioning, rumors, stories, anecdotes, and personal experiences.

Religious, nationality, political, (dis)ability, age, gender, race, sexual, and social-class stereotypes exist.

Strategies include community policing initiatives, diversity training, implicit bias training, promoting positive role models, transparency, accountability, collaborative problem-solving, cultural competency, and fair policing.

Include being authoritarian, corrupt, racially biased, aggressive, heroic, masculine, and insensitive.

Stereotypes can create self-fulfilling prophecies, affect interpersonal interactions, and influence decision-making.
They shape perception, lead to in-group favoritism, and out-group bias.

Education, awareness programs, and diverse representation can counteract stereotypes.