MWH U1, Part II - Enlightenment and Atlantic Revolution MWH ('24-25)

Scientific Revolution: Era of major advances in scientific thought.
- Bacon: Advocate for the scientific method.
- Descartes: Philosopher known for rationalism and deduction.
- Newton: Unified laws of physics and mathematics.
Divine Right of Kings: The doctrine that kings derive their authority from God.
Great Chain of Being: Hierarchical structure of all matter.
Feudal System: Social structure based on land ownership and service.
Thomas Hobbes, The Leviathan (1651): Work discussing social contract and absolute authority.
- State of Nature/Social Contract: Concepts about human behavior and governance.
Absolute Monarchy: A type of government where a monarch has absolute power.
John Locke, Two Treatises on Government (1689): Key text arguing for natural rights and the right to revolt.
- Natural rights of “Life, Liberty, and Property”: Fundamental rights believed to be inherent.
- Right to Revolution: Justification for overthrowing a government.
Philosophes: Enlightenment thinkers who advocated for societal reforms including:
- Voltaire: Critique of religion and advocacy for civil liberties.
- Rousseau: Concepts of social contract and general will.
- Montesquieu: Advocacy for the separation of powers.
- Adam Smith: Economic principles of capitalism.

The French Revolution (1789-1799): A pivotal period of political and social upheaval.
- The Three Estates: The societal structure of the period.
  - National Assembly: Formed by the Third Estate.
  - Storming of the Bastille: Key event marking the revolution.
  - March of the Women: Demonstration for bread and rights.
- Bourgeoisie: The middle class involved in the revolution.
- The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizen (1789): Fundamental document proclaiming individual and collective rights.
The National Convention: Governing body during the revolution.
Maximilien Robespierre: Influential revolutionary leader.
- Committee on Public Safety/The Reign of Terror: Period of extreme political purges.
Napoleon Bonaparte: Key figure after the revolution who established the Civil Code.
- Nationalism, Liberalism: Ideologies that emerged.
- Haitian Revolution (1791-1804): First successful slave revolt leading to independence.
Toussaint Louverture: Leader of the Haitian Revolution.
Social Structure: Differences in class and societal power dynamics in both revolutions.
Mexican Independence: Events and key figures, including:
- Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla: Initiated the revolt.
- Grito de Hidalgo: Call for independence.
- Jose Morelos: Continued the fight.
- Iturbide and Plan de Iguala: Framework for independence.

Study Guide for U1 Quiz #1: Prepare for quiz with emphasized themes from Unit 1.

Prompt: "How did Enlightenment ideals and Atlantic Revolutions shape modern conceptions of governance, society, and individual rights?"
- Focus on cause and effect relationships.
- Analyze transformation from traditional to modern contexts, emphasizing the legacy left by the revolutions.

Specificity: Clear articulation of how historical events influenced modern concepts.
Arguable Claim: Present evidence-based arguments rather than statements of fact.
Outline Main Points: Provide a roadmap illustrating key discussion aspects supporting the thesis.

Argument: The Industrial Revolution reshaped work concepts, societal structures, and technology.
- Analyze the transformation into the industrialized world influenced by machinery advancements and urbanization.

Include context: establish a thorough background relevant to the essay’s argument.
- Utilize a hook to engage readers.
- Provide historical context: dates, key issues pertinent to Enlightenment.
- Thesis statement detailing the argument.
- Road map: Preview categories of evidence supporting the argument.

Option 1: Revolution-Focused Structure
- Paragraphs designated for individual revolutions with their impacts.
Option 2: Thematic Organization
- Each paragraph delves into themes: Governance, Society, Individual Rights.

Include Specific Examples: Reference philosophers like John Locke and documents like the Declaration of the Rights of Man.
Analyze Carefully: Explain significance connecting historical events to modern concepts.
Paraphrase Knowledge: Avoid direct quotations, especially secondary sources.

Agenda and Homework: Continue with assigned readings and note recommendations.

Reflection and understanding of the Enlightenment and Atlantic Revoutions shaping historical progress.

Enlightenment thinking emphasized rationality and human rights, influencing revolutions.
The conflict between traditional and modern ideas of governance, leading to shifts in power structures globally.
Revolutionary outcomes affected social hierarchies and established new ideals regarding individual rights and liberties.

Emergence of ideas such as natural rights, liberty, and democracy.
Developments in social structure across nations with respect to class inequality and the recognition of rights.
Influence of Enlightenment ideals on subsequent revolutions beyond the French and American contexts.