HSC 170 exam 1
9/13
analytic epidemiology
- host, agent, environment
- agents
* John Snow’s
* agent was cholera microbes
* also include nutrients, poisons, allergens, radiation, etc - host
* genetic endowment, immunologic state, age, sex gender, personal behavior - environment
* crowding atmosphere, communication
* comm. includes vector, vehicle, and reservoir
* vector would be something like a mosquito passing malaria
* vehicles would consist of something like food
* reservoir is where the agent starts
surveillance cycle
- reporting > health department > feedback > public and healthcare providers > back to the start
treatment vs prevention
- ==prevention== is much more important and more cost-effective
- ==treatment== is important for the health of the affected host
- primary prevention
* specific measures to reduce exposure/susceptibility
* includes immunization, sanitation, water purification, seat belts, machine guards, respiratory protection
* behavior modification - secondly prevention
* what you do after you have been diagnosed to treat or reduce the impacts and consequences of disease - tertiary prevention
* limit the disability, improve quality of life, rehab
* ex: worker cuts finger off
Broad field: epidemiologists required to have some knowledge of all disciplines
- public health, clinical medicine, pathophysiology, statistic, social sciences
^^Rate = number of cases or deaths in a given period / population in the same area^^
%%Incidence Rate = new cases during a given period / population risk during the same period%%
@@Prevalence = all new and preexisting cases during a period / population at risk during the same period@@
9/15
- public health can include
* clinical care
* determinants
* epidemic/outbreak
* health outcome - PH help prevent the spread of disease, protect against environmental hazards, responds to disasters and assists communities in recovery
* promotes healthy behaviors, prevent injuries, assures quality and accessibility of health services - sanitation is a large part of public health
* 1970 EPA established - Used for disaster response
* bio warfare, 9/11, hurricane Katrina - PH does prevention through policy
* book of Leviticus, tobacco laws, obesity - Public health system
* who?
* public entities, private entities, voluntary entities
* includes: city public health departments, private universities, professional organizations
* what?
* a network - public health approach
* problem > cause > what works > how do you do it
* surveillance > ris factor identification > intervention evaluation > implementation
* problem > response - three core functions of public health
* assessment, policy development, assurance - ten essential public health services
* monitor health, diagnose & investigate, inform edu. empower, mobile community partnerships, policies, enforce laws, provide care, competent workforce, evaluate, research - What determines health of population?
* social/societal health, genes and biology, health behavior, medical care - @@Public heath accomplishments@@
* vaccination, motor-vehicle safety (speed limit, seatbelts), safer workplaces, control of infectious diseases, decline in deaths from coronary heart disease & stroke, safer & healthier foods, healthier mothers & babies, family planning
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