HSC 170 exam 1
9/13
analytic epidemiology
- host, agent, environment
- agents
- John Snow’s
- agent was cholera microbes
- also include nutrients, poisons, allergens, radiation, etc
- host
- genetic endowment, immunologic state, age, sex gender, personal behavior
- environment
- crowding atmosphere, communication
- comm. includes vector, vehicle, and reservoir
- vector would be something like a mosquito passing malaria
- vehicles would consist of something like food
- reservoir is where the agent starts
surveillance cycle
- reporting > health department > feedback > public and healthcare providers > back to the start
treatment vs prevention
- ==prevention== is much more important and more cost-effective
- ==treatment== is important for the health of the affected host
- primary prevention
- specific measures to reduce exposure/susceptibility
- includes immunization, sanitation, water purification, seat belts, machine guards, respiratory protection
- behavior modification
- secondly prevention
- what you do after you have been diagnosed to treat or reduce the impacts and consequences of disease
- tertiary prevention
- limit the disability, improve quality of life, rehab
- ex: worker cuts finger off
Broad field: epidemiologists required to have some knowledge of all disciplines
- public health, clinical medicine, pathophysiology, statistic, social sciences
^^Rate = number of cases or deaths in a given period / population in the same area^^
%%Incidence Rate = new cases during a given period / population risk during the same period%%
@@Prevalence = all new and preexisting cases during a period / population at risk during the same period@@
9/15
- public health can include
- clinical care
- determinants
- epidemic/outbreak
- health outcome
- PH help prevent the spread of disease, protect against environmental hazards, responds to disasters and assists communities in recovery
- promotes healthy behaviors, prevent injuries, assures quality and accessibility of health services
- sanitation is a large part of public health
- 1970 EPA established
- Used for disaster response
- bio warfare, 9/11, hurricane Katrina
- PH does prevention through policy
- book of Leviticus, tobacco laws, obesity
- Public health system
- who?
- public entities, private entities, voluntary entities
- includes: city public health departments, private universities, professional organizations
- what?
- a network
- public health approach
- problem > cause > what works > how do you do it
- surveillance > ris factor identification > intervention evaluation > implementation
- problem > response
- three core functions of public health
- assessment, policy development, assurance
- ten essential public health services
- monitor health, diagnose & investigate, inform edu. empower, mobile community partnerships, policies, enforce laws, provide care, competent workforce, evaluate, research
- What determines health of population?
- social/societal health, genes and biology, health behavior, medical care
- @@Public heath accomplishments@@
- vaccination, motor-vehicle safety (speed limit, seatbelts), safer workplaces, control of infectious diseases, decline in deaths from coronary heart disease & stroke, safer & healthier foods, healthier mothers & babies, family planning
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