emotion

Emotion: a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.

James-Lange theory: our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli. basically physiological AND THEN cognition 

Cannon-Bard theory (Thalamic Theory): an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion (cognition)

Schachter-Singer theory (Schachter-Two Factor): to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.

Zajonc; LeDoux - some embodied responses happen instantly, without conscious appraisal - we automatically feel startled by a sound in the forest before labeling it as a threat

Lazarus - cognitive appraisal (“is it dangerous or not?”) - sometimes without our awareness - defines emotion. Example: The sound is “just the wind”. Lazarus believes that the way we interpret or react to an event can often have a more powerful impact on our stress level than the event itself!

Paul Ekman  - Universal emotions (all cultures). Identified every muscle in the human face and then every possible combination of facial muscles

Facial Feedback Hypothesis: Facial movement and expressions can influence attitude and emotional experience