PSYCH 101 chap 1-2 2/2

Chapter Two: Focus on research and ethics in psychology.
- Discusses different research methods and necessary ethical codes.
- A query associated with Chapter Two is due this Sunday.
Upcoming Assignments:
- Topic Identification Assignment: Due next week, part of the research proposal project.
- Students must choose a psychologically related topic, write a paragraph (at least four sentences) about it, and reflect on how they want to investigate it.
- Discussion Board: Opens next week focusing on APA's ethical codes for conducting research in psychology.
- Students will summarize one ethical code, discuss its importance, and the instructor will provide the code list.
Independent Quizzes: Keep track of independent quizzes for Chapter Three and the Chapter Two quiz; they are currently open.
Creating SONA Account: Students need to create their SONA account for required research participation, with studies being added in line with the semester.
Supplemental Instruction Sessions: Facilitated by Patricia, sessions schedule provided.
- Higher attendance correlates with better student performance and potential extra credit for attendance.

Encapsulates the interaction of:
- Biological factors (e.g., genetics).
- Psychological factors (e.g., mental health, emotions).
- Sociocultural factors (e.g., cultural backgrounds).
Follows the biopsychosocial model: explores the interaction of these factors on health.

Sports and Exercise Psychology: Focus on psychological aspects related to sports performance.
- Key concepts: Motivation, performance anxiety, team cohesion.
- Example: Athletes may struggle with free-throw shooting due to mental barriers; sports psychologists help create routines to improve this skill.
Clinical Psychology: Diagnostics and treatments of psychological disorders.
- Involves therapeutic techniques and understanding disorders' commonality, symptoms, and more.
Counseling Psychology: Differs from clinical psychology; focuses on healthy individuals seeking improvement rather than treating disorders.
Forensic Psychology: Application of psychology within the criminal justice system.
- Not covered in a dedicated chapter but mentioned briefly with its relevance in eyewitness testimony and memory studies.

Clinical and Counseling Route
- Focus on therapeutic practices.
- Requires licensure after a graduate program (usually 7 years for clinical psychologists at UWM).
- Involves supervised practice hours.
Experimental Route: Focus on research aspects; does not work with clients but conducts studies and teaches.
- No licensure required.
- Focus may include fields like health psychology, social psychology, neuroscience, environmental psychology, etc.
Degree Levels and Qualification:
- Bachelor’s Degree (4 Years): Entry-level jobs in various supportive roles in counseling and human services, including working in rehabilitation facilities, performance coaching, and research assistance.
- Master’s Degree (2-3 Years): Advanced clinical roles; may also function in research assistantship positions under mentorship.
- PhD or PsyD (5-7 Years): Higher roles in academia and clinical practice. Offers options for teaching and conducting independent research.
- Some programs allow earning a master's alongside a Ph.D.
- MD (8+ Years): Psychiatry; ability to prescribe medication and conduct therapy.
- Psychoanalytical Degree (14-16 Years): Specialized in psychoanalysis with a focus solely on therapeutic practice.

Understanding Culture: Total lifestyle that encompasses ideas, symbols, norms, and characteristics of a group of people.
- Culture is vital for behavioral coordination and varies greatly between communities.
- Two types of cultures:
- Collectivistic Cultures: Focus on group well-being.
- Individualistic Cultures: Focus on personal success.
Importance of Cultural Competence: Understand varying cultural norms when diagnosing and providing care to clients.
- Professional understanding of cultural backgrounds is critical for effective treatment.
Socioeconomic Status (SES): Economic and social standing significantly influences health outcomes, including access to care and overall well-being.
- Positive correlation found between higher SES and better health outcomes due to accessibility to healthcare.

Use flashcards for key terms and concepts to enhance recall.
Connect new material to personal experiences (self-reference effect) to improve retention.
Regularly review materials to help with understanding and retention—build your studies over time.
Teach others to deepen understanding and improve recall.
Engage actively with the material by taking notes and quizzing yourself regularly.

Highlighting indiscriminately – better to create targeted flashcards or write summaries.
Procrastination, especially before exams—spread studying over time for less stress.
Distractions during study sessions or exams; ensure a productive environment.

Research helps in drawing objective conclusions about phenomena.
- Objective views derived from empirical evidence rather than personal opinion or feelings.

Theory: Comprehensive explanation based on a consensus of findings from multiple studies.
Hypothesis: Testable prediction about a relationship between variables—prerequisite to being falsifiable.

Clinical or Case Studies: In-depth analysis of one or a few subjects; limited generalization but detailed understanding.
Naturalistic Observation: Observing subjects in their natural environment without interference; enhances ecological validity but may introduce observer effect.
Surveys: Collecting data from samples about opinions or behaviors; can provide quick insights but may have bias.
Experimental Research: Involves manipulation of variables to establish causality; best for cause-effect outcomes.