Criminal justice

1. Infanticide & Neonaticide

  • Infanticide: The act of killing an infant under the age of one year. This can occur due to severe maternal mental illness, cultural beliefs, or extreme circumstances like poverty or abandonment.

  • Neonaticide: The killing of a newborn within the first 24 hours of life. It is often linked to mental illness, unplanned pregnancies, or young mothers who feel overwhelmed.

2. National Women’s Political Caucus (NWPC)

  • Founded: 1971

  • Mission: To increase the number of women in political leadership roles at all levels of government. It focuses on electing women to public office and supporting their political careers through education, training, and resources.

3. NOW (National Organization for Women)

  • Founded: 1966

  • Mission: To promote equality for women in all aspects of society, including workplace, reproductive rights, and education. It advocates for feminist policies and works to eliminate sexism, racism, and other forms of discrimination.

4. Types of Runaways, Including Throwaways & Disposal Children

  • Runaways: Children who leave home, often due to abuse, neglect, or family conflict.

    • Throwaways: Children who are deliberately kicked out of their homes by their caregivers or parents.

    • Disposal Children: Children rejected or neglected by their parents/caregivers, often left to fend for themselves.

5. First and Last Countries to Give Women the Right to Vote

  • First Country: New Zealand (1893)

  • Last Country: Saudi Arabia (2015)

6. First State to Give Women the Right to Vote

  • Wyoming: In 1869, Wyoming became the first U.S. state to grant women the right to vote.

7. First Female Judge in America

  • Esther Hobart Morris: Appointed as a justice of the peace in Wyoming in 1870, she was the first female judge in the U.S.

8. Types of Maternal Filicide

  • Altruistic Filicide: The mother believes killing her child is in the child’s or her own best interest (often linked to mental illness or delusional beliefs).

  • Acute Psychotic Filicide: Happens when a mother, experiencing severe mental illness (e.g., postpartum psychosis), kills her child without rational thinking.

9. Status Crimes

  • Crimes that are defined by the offender’s status or condition rather than the act itself. Examples include:

    • Truancy (children skipping school),

    • Underage drinking,

    • Curfew violations.

10. Dark Figure of Crime

  • Refers to crimes that are not reported or detected by law enforcement. This "dark figure" exists because not all crimes are reported or recorded, making official crime statistics incomplete.

11. UCR/NIBRS (Basics Only)

  • UCR (Uniform Crime Reporting): A program that compiles annual crime data from U.S. law enforcement agencies. It includes data on violent crimes, property crimes, and other offenses.

  • NIBRS (National Incident-Based Reporting System): An improved version of the UCR system, offering more detailed data on each crime incident, including information on victims, offenders, and circumstances.

12. States Where Abortion is Unavailable or Severely Limited

  • States with severe restrictions or bans: Following the Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization ruling (2022), some states, particularly in the South and Midwest, severely limit or outright ban abortion.

    • Examples: Texas, Oklahoma, Alabama, and Arkansas have restrictive abortion laws.

13. Seven Types of Feminism

  1. Liberal Feminism: Advocates for equality through legal and political reforms.

  2. Radical Feminism: Seeks to dismantle patriarchy, which is seen as the root of women’s oppression.

  3. Socialist Feminism: Focuses on the intersection of capitalism and patriarchy.

  4. Cultural Feminism: Celebrates the differences between men and women, advocating for the preservation and value of these differences.

  5. Ecofeminism: Links environmental issues with the oppression of women.

  6. Womanism: An African American feminist perspective that emphasizes race and class issues.

  7. Postmodern Feminism: Challenges traditional notions of gender, sex, and identity, questioning essentialism.

14. Child Marriage

  • Definition: Marriage before the age of 18. It disproportionately affects girls, leading to risks such as early pregnancies, loss of education, and exposure to violence.

  • Global prevalence: Common in parts of South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and parts of the Middle East.

15. Social Cognitive Skills & Bennett Article

  • Social Cognitive Skills: Refers to the ability to interpret and navigate social interactions. This includes empathy, understanding social cues, and role-taking.

  • Bennett Article: Likely discusses the role of these skills in socialization and how they may differ across genders and cultures.

16. Seneca Falls, New York

  • First Women’s Rights Convention: Held in 1848, it was the first major women’s rights meeting in the U.S. Key figures like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott crafted the Declaration of Sentiments, which called for women’s equality, including the right to vote.

17. # of Words Women & Men Use on an Average Day

  • Women: Average around 20,000 words per day.

  • Men: Average around 7,000 words per day.

    • This difference has been debated in research, but it’s often cited in popular culture.

18. Postpartum Depression, Postpartum Psychosis, & Baby Blues

  • Postpartum Depression: A severe form of depression occurring after childbirth, often lasting for months and affecting a mother’s ability to bond with her baby.

  • Postpartum Psychosis: A rare, but more severe mental illness after childbirth, involving hallucinations, delusions, and the potential for harm to the mother or child.

  • Baby Blues: A mild, temporary emotional reaction to childbirth, characterized by mood swings and crying, typically lasting up to two weeks.

19. Vera Institute & Ending Girls Incarceration Initiative

  • The Vera Institute works on criminal justice reform and focuses on ending the incarceration of girls, advocating for alternatives to detention and rehabilitative approaches.

20. Sex Workers & the Most Dangerous Occupation

  • Sex work is often considered the most dangerous occupation due to high risks of physical violence, sexual assault, and exposure to deadly diseases.

  • Advocacy for decriminalization of sex work is gaining attention to ensure better safety and rights for workers.

21. Civil Death

  • The loss of an individual’s civil rights due to imprisonment or conviction. A person with civil death might lose the right to vote, marry, or own property.

22. 19th Amendment

  • Passed: 1920

  • Impact: Granted women the constitutional right to vote in the United States after decades of activism by suffragists like Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

23. Taylor v. Louisiana

  • Ruling: This 1975 Supreme Court case ruled that excluding women from jury service (in Louisiana) violated the defendant's Sixth Amendment right to a jury of peers, setting a precedent for gender equality in jury selection.

24. Reed v. Reed

  • Ruling: A 1971 Supreme Court case that ruled that a state law giving preference to men over women in appointing administrators of estates was unconstitutional. It was the first time the Court struck down a law on the basis of gender discrimination.

25. Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization

  • Ruling: In 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade, ruling that the right to an abortion is not protected by the Constitution, and leaving the regulation of abortion to individual states.