AP BIO

  1. Enzyme - A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering activation energy


  1. Substrate - Molecule that binds to the active site (substrate = key)


  1. Active Site - The place where the substrate binds (active site  = lock)


  1. First Law of Thermodynamics - Energy cannot be created or destroyed


  1. Second Law of Thermodynamics - Entropy of the universe is always increasing


  1. Activation Energy - Amount of energy required to start a reaction


  1. Free Energy - Energy available to do a chemical process


  1. Cellular Respiration - A series of reactions that convert glucose into ATP


  1. Glycolysis - The conversion of glucose to pyruvate/lactate and ATP (1st step)


  1. Krebs Cycle - A cycle of reactions that releases energy and activates electron carriers (2nd)


  1. Link Reaction - A reaction that links pyruvate to coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA)


  1. Electron Transport Chain - Transports electron with electron carriers (last electron acceptor is OXYGEN) (3rd step)


  1. Thylakoid - Membranous sac (discs) in the chloroplast


  1. Stroma - The fluid inside the chloroplast


  1. Granum - The stacks of thylakoids


  1. Photosynthesis - The process of taking in CO2, light, and water to make glucose, oxygen, water, and ATP


  1. Chlorophyll - Pigment that absorbs light energy 


  1. Calvin Cycle - The dark reactions that make glucose/carbs



  1. What are the major environmental factors associated with enzymes?

Temperature, pH, concentration, salinity



  1. What is the difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions?

Exergonic - releases energy

Endergonic - absorbs energy


  1. Draw a graph of an exergonic and endergonic reaction, as a function of energy versus reaction time

[insert photos here :)]

Include energy (y), time (x), and the graph



  1. Why is ATP such an energetic molecule?

High-energy phosphate bonds (3 of them!)





  1. Describe the process of glycolysis

Break down glucose to get 2 pyruvates, 2 ATP

Occurs in the cytoplasm



  1. The first five steps of glycolysis are known as the energy-gaining phase. Why is this?

Because the first five steps are endergonic (require energy) - requires 2 ATP to be used




  1. The final five steps of glycolysis are known as the energy-releasing phase. Why is this?

Because the final five steps are exergonic (release energy) - forms 4 ATP





  1. What is the end product of glycolysis, in terms of molecules, electron carriers, and other high energy molecules.

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH




  1. What is the purpose of the link reaction and the Krebs Cycle?

To form more high-energy electron carriers (NADH and FADH2)




  1. What is the end product of the Krebs Cycle, in terms of molecule, electron carriers, and other high energy molecules?

2 FADH2, 6 NADH, 2 ATP




  1. Describe the electron transport chain and give the yield of molecules at the end of the chain.

Moves electrons and pumps H+ across the mitochondrial membrane (forms a concentration gradient)




  1. How does ATP Synthase work?

Pumps H+ back across the membrane to form ATP (~32 ATP)




  1. Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur?

Thylakoids, produces 12 ATP (3 per H+)




  1. Is water or CO2 the primary reactant of the light reactions?

Water (2 H2O per cycle)




  1. Where do the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis occur?

Stroma




  1. Is water or CO2 the primary reactant of the dark reactions?

CO2 (3 CO2 per cycle)

  1. What is the overall yield of photosynthesis, in terms of high energy molecules and other products?

    Photosynthesis yields glucose, oxygen, water, and ATP as products.