Early 20th Century Revolutions
The Mexican Revolution 1910-1920 *keep seperate from Atlantic Mexican Revolution
Causes c1876-1910
Authoritarian rule
President Porfirio Diaz (ruled for over 30 years) *caudillo
corrupt and rigged elections as his popularity decreased
jailed opponents (ex. Madero 1910)
this sparked a call for revolution against Diaz
Political & Economic dominance by creoles and foreigners
monopolized land and natural resources
tight control of land by minority population of creoles
Hacienda system: ranching/farming estates that produce food that are worked by amerindians and mestizos
Amerindians and mestizos are in debt to work on the land and their debt only increases
American neo-colonialism *aka economic imperialism
Oil
Built railroads to bring in oil
Diaz supported
Majority impoverished
Mestizos and Amerindians
economic underdevelopment
agrarian (limited industrialization)
landless
lack of educational opportunities
no implement of enlightenment freedoms
Francisco Madero calls for revolution, 1910
Regional factions arose (tons of support)
Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata
Build up of amerindian and mestizos local forces
Opportunity for Madero to take control
Emiliano Zapata “Plan de Ayala” 1911
What complaints about Mexico does Zapata express
Continued dictator leadership; caudillo
Dictators control land and resources to benefit themselves without sharing
What evidence is there that Zapata supported socialist responses to Mexico’s ongoing problems
Land previously controlled by creoles should be taken and controlled by the state
socialism: an economic/political ideology in which property and resources are owned in common, usually controlled by the state, in order to create a more equal society
indemnization: money paid as compensation
intrigue: the secret planning of illegal activity
expropriated: taken away from its owner
Outcomes of the Mexican Revolution
Political
Constitution of 1917 granted universal suffrage
Term limit set to a 1 year term of 6 years
One-party system “Party of the Institutionalized Revolution”
encourages compromise
Land and natural resources
Land redistribution
Zapata initiated this socialist response but assassinated
Cardenas continues land redistribution to communal farms
Relieves country from Great Depression
Economic imperialism
Constitution of 1917 guarantees resources to Mexico use only
Nationalization of resources done by Cardenas
Controlled by Mexico for Mexico
Kicks out USA
Private > state control
socialism
Enlightenment-based rights
Diaz overthrown
Constitution of 1917
universal suffrage
public education for everyone
separation of Church and State
The Russian Revolution 1917-1922
Causes c1900-1917
Authoritarian imperial rule
Czar Nicholas II (r. 1894-1917) *conservatism
absolute monarch
divine right from god
Romanov dynasty
Unpopular foreign wars and losses
Russo-Japanese War 1905-1905
World War I, 1914-1918
Lack of Enlightenment Rights
no meaningful reforms from Revolution of 1905
Creates duma and parliament but they end up being ignored
Censorship and secret police continued
Majority impoverished
peasants
industrial workers
low wages/harsh conditions > strikes
industrialized lagged behind West
debts owed to foreign investors
WWI > food and fuel shortages > famine
radicals strengthen
Socialists & Marxists (communists)
Bolshevik Party
2 Revolutions in 1917!
March: Liberal revolution
liberalism: some enlightenment ideas, limited suffrage, republic government
October: Bolshevik Revolution
old Russian empire collapses > soviet union
Communist Soviet Union 1922-1991
Red in communism symbolizes blood of workers of the soviet
Outcomes of the Russian Revolution
Absolute monarch removed from power
Czar Nicholas II overthrown
ends Romanov dynasty of absolute monarchy
Kerensky’s Provisional liberal government overthrown
Liberal government problems
Continued involvement in WWI
no land reform or economic improvements
Civil War
Kerensky’s Liberal government vs. Lenin’s Bolsheviks
Bolsheviks won 1920
Enlightenment-based rights
Rights weren’t extended to Russia’s people
Secret police to keep citizens in line and eliminate opposition: Cheka
Major censorship
Moving making, newspapers, etc. controlled by government
Dictators reestablished
People who oppose are put in gulags or executed under Stalin’s rule
Purges
One-party political system established
One party: communist party
Politburo: entirely control the Congress of Soviets
They decide who runs for election in the Congress of Soviets
Socialist minded reforms enacted by the new government
Nationalized the country’s factories and heavy industries
Land redistribution
5 year plans
Government strict political control on economic liberties
Collectivized farmland from private owners
Foreign powers removed from nation
Resign from war to remove German interactions
Nationalized the country’s factories and heavy industries
Men and women are used as soldiers in the Red Army
The Chinese Revolution 1911-1949
Causes c1900-1911
Anti-Qing Dynasty Revolution
Authoritarian imperial rule
Opposed to absolute monarchs
Qing Dynasty
ultraconservative Confucianists
bureaucratic corruption
lost the mandate of heaven
Puyi (r.1908-12)
Occupation by foreign powers
Opium Wars and unequal treaties
Western spheres of influence
Paris Peace Conference 1919
Japanese empire expands further
Unequal treaties
Weak economy
No industrialization
ultraconservative confucianists
export market dominated by West
economic dependency
Majority impoverished
peasants = 95%
at mercy of wealthy landlords
famines
major immediate motive for revolution
No enlightenment rights
taught by western spheres of influence
not immediately enacted because the focus was on famine
Lack of political unity
Foreign powers occupy (esp. Japan)
no one able to claim the new dynasty
warlords
pro-Republic
Nationalist Part (Guomindang)
Sun Yat-Sen (1911-1925)
Jiang Jieshi
Radicals
Chinese Communist Party (CCP) est 1921
influenced by Russia and Lenin
Mao Zedong
didn’t start but lead it
Major outcomes of the Chinese Revolution
Absolute monarch and dynasty removed from power
Qing Dynasty (Puyi out in 1912) overthrown by Guomindang (Nationalist Party)
declare Republic of China by Sun Yat-Sen
Problems:
no political unity
continued foreign imperialism, esp. Japan
ignored peasants’ needs
weakness exploited by CCP
A period of civil war 1927-1949
Guomindang vs. Chinese Communist Party
Guomindang
lost and exiled to Taiwan
Chines Communist Party
won in 1949 by support of the peasants
Mao proclaims communist “People’s Republic of China”
Enlightenment freedoms
no more footbinding
secret police
imprison camps
religion discouraged
compulsory membership to the CCP
public education to enforce commitment to the party
equal rights for women
eliminated force marriages, access to divorce, legalized abortion
One-party political system *all 3 revolutions turn to this
Communist Chinese Party
till present
Capital of Beijing
Socialist-minded reforms *communism shared in Russia and China
collectivization of agriculture
nationalized Chinese industries
5 year plan
agrarian laws promoting transfer of wealth
redistributing wealthy landlords land to peasants *all revolutions share this
Mao believes in peasant power
Foreign powers removed
nationalized Chinese industries
Peoples’ Liberation Army/Red Army
freeing Chinese people from republic control and foreign occupation (Japanese)
men and women
Guerilla Warfare: small surprise attacks
organized hit and run