Biology lab

CHAPTERS 1 AND 2

  • independent variable: what is being measured

  • dependent variable: the experiment results affected by changes in the independent variable.

  • control: the factor that remains constant throughout the experiment to ensure that any changes in the dependent variable can be attributed solely to the manipulation of the independent variable.

  • hypothesis: a testable statement predicting the relationship between the independent and dependent variables, guiding the direction of the experiment.

  • null hypothesis: the independent variable will/will not affect the dependent variable

CHAPTER 3

  • carbohydrates: glucose

  • polysaccharides: starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

  • protein: amino acids

  • monomers are single units that form chains and branched structures, known as polymers are many units

  • amino acids are monomers of proteins

  • proteins are polymers of amino acids

  • starch is a polymer of glucose that is a storage form of energy in plants

  • glycogen is a polymer of glucose that is a storage form of energy in animals and is made in your liver and can be broken down to glucose to provide energy

  • glucose is a carbohydrate/sugar, made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CH20)

  • the process that bonds monomers together to form polymers is called polymerization

CHAPTER 4

  • start with 4x scan lens

  • do not use coarse knob high power

  • must be in sharp focus before moving to the next lens *do not spin focus knobs

  • condenser: condenses the light beam

  • iris diaphragm: regulates the light source

  • coarse knob: moves the stage up and down (use only on scanning lens and 10x)

  • fine adjustment knob: more precisely regulates the focus

  • total magnification: 10⋅4x=4010\cdot4x=40 , 10⋅10x=100x10\cdot10x=100x , 10⋅40x=400x10\cdot40x=400x

CHAPTER 5

  • cell theory: all living things are composed of cells, cells are the functional unit of life, and all cells come from preexisting cells

  • prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea, not a true nucleus, less complex, no membrane-bound organelles

  • eukaryotes: plants and animals, true nucleus, more complex, and membrane-bound organelles

  • all cells have a membrane (plasma membrane), DNA, and metabolism

  • histology: the study of tissues

  • epithelial tissue: location: covers and lines organs, function: protection, absorption, secretion

    • simple columnar: location: line inside of your intestine, function: secretes enzymes and absorbs nutrients

      • key features: rectangular in rows

  • smooth muscle: location: around the digestive tract, arteries, and uterus, function: involuntary movement

    • key features: nucleus long and skinny, and looks like water

  • striated muscle: location: skeletal muscle, triceps, biceps, function: voluntary movement

    • key features: bacon

  • connective tissue most abundant tissue type

    • adipose tissue: location: everywhere around organs, muscles, and under the skin function: protection, insulation, stores energy

      • key features: brain, spider webs

    • blood: location: everywhere function: carry O2, nutrients

      • key features: bubbles

CHAPTER 6

  • simple diffusion: molecules move from high to low concentration

  • brownian motion: the motion of molecules is due to their energy; as molecular energy increases, the rate of movement increases also

  • factors that impact the speed (rate) of diffusion:

    • temperature: higher & faster

    • steepness of concentration gradient

    • size

  • osmosis: the movement of water from high to low concentration through selectively permeable membrane

  • cells environment: sugar can’t move only water is able to move

    • isotonic: equal concentation of solute in and outside the cell

    • hypOtonic: higher concentration of solute inside the cell, increase in mass

    • hypertonic: higher concentration of solute outside the cell, loss weight

  • the cell membrane regulates movement of molecules in/out the cell

  • the cell being selectively premeable by allowing certain molecules pass through the membrane freely and act as a barrier to other molecules

    • blood, gases, water, and steroids can pass through the membrane freely