Exam 4- new matieral

Brain lobes and func:

• Frontal Lobe: Responsible for decision making, problem solving, and reasoning.

  • Precentral gyrus:Located in the frontal lobe, it plays a crucial role in motor control by housing the primary motor cortex, which is responsible for voluntary movement.

  • Brocas area:Located in the frontal lobe, Broca's area is essential for language production and comprehension, enabling effective communication.

• Parietal Lobe: Processes sensory information such as touch, temperature, and pain.

  • Postcentral gyrus: Situated just behind the precentral gyrus in the parietal lobe, the postcentral gyrus is the primary somatosensory cortex, responsible for processing tactile information from the body.

  • supramarginal gyrus: phonological processing of language and the integration of auditory and motor functions that are crucial for speech and reading.

  • angular gyri: writing comprehension

• Occipital Lobe: Primarily involved in visual processing.

• Temporal Lobe: Critical for memory storage and auditory perception.

  • wernickes area: essential for language comprehension and the processing of spoken and written language. This area of the brain is located in the left temporal lobe and plays a significant role in the ability to understand language and produce meaningful speech.

• Cerebellum: Plays a significant role in motor control, coordination, and balance, memory and motor func.

• Brainstem: Regulates vital functions such as heart rate, breathing, and consciousness, origin of cranial nerves

  • midbrain: all motor fibers pass through here, responsible for dopamine (substantia nigra)

  • pons: cranial nerves V-VIII, “superhighway” for communication with cerebellum

  • medulla: decussation, crossing of the lobes

• Corpus callosum: white matter connecting left and right hemispheres of the brain; facilitates interhemispheric communication and coordination of motor and cognitive functions.

Cranial nerves

• efferent: descending (motor)

• afferent: ascending (sensory)

• mixed

• midbrain: I-IV

• pons: V-VIII

• medulla: IX-XII

• Mneumonics:

  • Oh Oh Oh, To Touch And Feel A Glorious Victory At Heaven!

  • On Occasion Our Trusty Truck Acts Funny, Very Good Vehicle Any How

• Cranial Nerves:

  • Olfactory

  • Optic

  • Ocularmotor- eye motor

  • Trochlear- eye motor

  • Trigeminal- face sensation/mastication

    • opthalmic branch

    • maxillary branch

    • mandibular branch

  • Abducens- eye motor

  • Facial- expression and speech

    • temporal

    • zygomatic

    • muccal

    • mandibular

    • cervical

  • Auditory-vestibular/ vestibulocochlear

  • Glossopharyngeal

  • Vagus

    • RLN: motor of intrinsic laryngeal muscles (except cricothyroid), sensory for below VF

    • SLN internal: sensory upper half of larynx

    • SLN external: cricothyroid

  • Assessory/Spinal Accessory- neck and shoulder muscles

  • Hypoglossal

    • all tongue muscles except palatoglossus

• Mneumonics for functions of CN:

• s= sensory, m=motor, b= both, lines up with first mneumonic

  • (Oh Oh Oh, To Touch And Feel A Glorious Victory At Heaven!)

  • Some Say Money Matters, But My Brother Says, Big Bible Matters More

• 5 INVOLVED IN SPEECH& SWALLOWING:

  • V Trigeminal, VII facial, IX Glossopharyngeal, X Vagus, XII Hypoglossal

Brain:

    Meninges

• dura matter: outer layer

• arachnoid matter: spiderlike blood vessels

• Pia matter: glossy appearance

• Where CSF flows: Left vent, right vent, 3rd vent, 4th vent, choroid plexus (tissue that produces CSF)

• Aneurysm: ballooning of blood vessel blood released into brain

Deglutition:

    4 phases of swallowing:

• oral prepatory

• oral transport 0.1-0.25 seconds

  • moved to faucial pillars, velum seals

• pharyngeal 1 second

  • respiration not present

  • velopharyngeal port closes, epiglottis down, and food passes to esophagus

• esophageal- reflexive, 8-20 seconds

  • peristalsis- wave like muscle movement

• PONS of brain reflex for chewing and sucking and licking

• gag reflex: pharyngeal reflex