Clean

Electrophiosolgy is the study of electricitiy in the cell. We can measure the intracellular extraceullar and patch clamp which is going to measue the current through a channel

coltage clamp is going to measure ions trough different voltage’s multiple time\

the squid axons are ideal for measuring becaus ehtey are the ones that are going to be big and axessiblem .

so we take a axon and we are going to stick a recording and a reference electrode and the measurement between thsoe is going to be themembrn pptisoinal. we want to figure out what the threshold is so we start gu3essing and set difinrer desired emembrans and so we are going to inject anoteh electrode inside it to make it to the deisre lets sawy that the desire is going to be more psotiv e or less engativ ethan the memerbane which is -65 so whta that does i we are going to inject + ibnside but that is going to open the sodium channels and they are goiing to flow in and we dobt want that ciuz its going to cause aciotptoienatil and we want to hold it so we inject equal and oppsoite charge to the axon and so then the K is going ot opena hta tis going ot vause it go beocme more negative so then we are going ot inej tit with + again equal and opposite .

so how do we set this up we se tit sup to

]]

TEAis going to blcok the K so if we were to block Tea woudl we bloc hte otuword fclow of ionic currnetion the asnwer is yes becua se the aks i soigng ot sotp the K plus channels frpom openeing

Patchclamsi is going to meausr hte curreniton through Channel

EEg is goignv to meausre sleep but itsi goignto be non enviasie it studes a group of electic acitive tand

LFP

EGG VS LFP EEG V S LEP remember that the LFP is gong to tbe the onet hat is going tonbasical y be ainviao na di s oging ot oepier ate na doign go tmeaure a gorup of elecit racivity

IUf we ant to find the IONic current are acit i a neurion in dif vilate gi tis oginvg o tbe a voltage clamp

to vosualliaze vlel and tiisieus we are oigng ot use sitnain andmcdiitnoes the golgi was used in order to stain and althgouh not all were stiani it was sivle rbas eitna and the nissle was a creyslk base stian.

Immunhistochemistru is used to lcoalzie tissues and ig viaialize thembecuase we are going ot use antibodies and htes eanitbodies are going to bidn and the seoncdua is used for enahcning singla ciaplciatin

weca n use immunohustpohemics of hte hipocampsus

electron msciropty how dpo we obser veht esutruc to he ntous sytem at high manginficiaot an dresotuon we use elctron msicirpyt.

Electorn smsictoy was used to looka t mylatiend axzoxn s

felectorn msicopte was used to look athe the mysltiaoned axon the em was used alo tlet msicoipt e

looik atht em eryl aixo

Elecotrmscipg tlooks at hte mylatioenx axnos

tgo look at ceullar strucuter we are going to use elecotnr micfsoptey

Advances in detmeirning nerouv. system struc utre ; cpnnectomics conencitms i struign to detmein te hte sturcut reo fhte nocus systme bymppaing al the nerual conenciotsn conencomtsis i soging ot o dmetie the sturu eo fht encous wssytme by mappign all o ht ehneural ocnenc

CONNECt is going to derpeimt ehte stuer reo fh tehNS by mapping all of hte nerual conenciotns

COnnetomics is gopng to measur ethe study of the map of hte nervoud sustme

conncectomics is going to detmeirnt he map ing al oallo the cneural ocnenciotngs the is oneitmc si cuz it smapign ahte mall of hte nerual conenctison inteh NS conencotmsisi goin og o smure hte sturuc to fh tenvoyx ste by mapping all of hte nerul aocnneiconts.

How do we osbeve wehre rnuesons fo in the NS nerual aotmic trac trachign

So conencomtis soigng ot meausr eall of hte mapign \\

connectomics is going to be building the map of all the nerual conencitosn in the NS

how do we obseve wher eneruosn go in the NS neural antoamci trac tracing tehcniuqes.

how do we odbse thw erneuoan goint he NS neuraabtiaic trac tracign

SO ocnencoitmsi s oging to be mapign al lfo the NS int he systme

Trac tracign antergroa is gong fro the cfel body down the axon adn retrgra is going form axon back to cell body

Tracer can be flouscnets or can be comibgined with immhinc hthto vialuz eneurons.

so tra ctracing we are going to inject flosucne or with immunihitocheictry to visual nerusn

Nuclsu in

Traf tracing is becaisign we are going to inec the eruons fro the cell body to the axon is going to be go antergrou donw

trac traic w einect eithe rthe ncuelus or xaoxn and then we see wher eit goes down and this is how we ualaize eurosn

newer trac tracing uses visurs to visualize mutltiepl santpic ocnneciotns

So we can use viurse to vislize mutltipel sutanpco cooncieotn

VIusrs can infjecitons neruona dntracale accors snstyap se sacoor s

virsu can injec tneuron and trla ceysn

acros snaytpa like rabies and herpes

tra cing vurse uses visurs to vielzie mtutloipel sutampco ocnnecitsion

OH so regualr tra tracing is going ot visuzlise o neruom at a tiem and the virus is able to visizlue mutlipel sntapci pthwya becua si ti sabel to cross syantpzoes. LAhtogh theyse can be toxi to the clel. So this v iual tracin i smor speicign thatn hte oringail

rabies and herpes they can eb makgin the clel six but it cna be used for both atneroa dn teuroietga hte tira ismor epsieicfit

new sticne

ocntianignolfosucne ptoieno

foursen toteibs can use fgrp targed to a gene expressed in

foufns poeitna dcan be used ot tage a

flouscnet protiens can be used

GFP greenf losuc epoerin can be used in a cell tyeps of itneriest liek hippcampula neuron goldiroen cused in conjction

One way to vialize actiivtin the neruon so we can use calcium to viaulz oncitnig acitivity acitininneryosn is calcium

Caliusm is goig to allow us ot t trac neural ciaity this

GCAmps is an engererc ngeicl ncodinhg claium indivicato r

GCAMps is going to be anerign vgneicl caum indiciaotn and this is going

GCamp gCamp is oging ot be a clcaium idnciaiton ca2_-= glrapu spcouen wehn bids clodusk claiscums is an aindicaoit or nerual caivityt calsiucsm si an cinidaiotn or neurla citiyt egcamps is going ot be enreygine ingtieoanf eowaineoiwanfioewnafioenw

gcAMPs is ogingo. tbe a claociusm idnicaiot ad its floucs ewhen calciusm bdins a

So wehnw e want to detect claicusm we use GCAMps fo neural aicityt and this means thta cgcamps is going ot lfousne.

in. tricoe we are going ot inveist using other neigvoemtnes, how they srepsont the durgs colec tpuify m abd flook at how vnes a reinvoels. we use citron cam goncotsl DISHBRIAN.

W3e can also sutdy gia in citro we can isioate brain and sutid ienf

What echaniwe allwos fo rtrnasyatnpic cauls it he

tra ctraxingv o he icus

you want ot obsev ient cirlaus toe we can guse GCAMPs/calcium imagine

inlkwno sturcuter

UNknown circtute in pain processing -

We wont be using immunohistochitetm

pai pcoessing we wont be using clacium iamgine.

you are trying

IN vitro and how the proicn chainges in presoing to duge

In veitro

how a protine change s

gene experion and protein changes in atrocyes

Trac traicn gi goint o —

the vnosu syten sorinagtio omf rht ecotdmeral layer so the nerovus is itsm si going to

the CNS form the neruao tube and the PNS form the enraul crest clels.

tge BSis ofrmd ofmr hte gemr alayer os fhe ecoderm.

the cns f rom form thenerual tuen that ives ris eo th erbain viesl ti

rhoomcbetuelmesen pfea nfp rocfhem

midnifnroa

formebgi i ot mid is ht emsne and rhoj si hte ibd rbain

the PNS comes ofmr hte nheual crest

nerual crest cells are derive dofm htr nreu3al fodl clels.

neural crest clels are derveid com the form thenrueal fold cells

These clels mgirate out of hteprieher and give rise to manyc ell tyeps

nerl cre cells are dervied pmf rht eneural fodl cells hte se clelo mgjriate out to the preihy and give rise to mamu cel tyesp

Celo fo the PS hte scuwla na hte

So know that the raidl glail clel shte ones that are going to be

radial glail cells are differne than the raidla aestrocyes

the radila glial cells are toin to be the parent proineicont for th eclel tyesp of the bria incldugin neuron and oterh

raidla glail cells act as parents clels preitnoe for other cell thyes int he rbain cindlugin nrueosn and other glail.

Raida radila glil clel a eht eparnet of the othe cel tyesp in icldiign neruaona ndother lgil anote the anuerons aren orn broemfro glial

Neurosn beocme firls and hten glial

raidla glailc ells ar eoging ot hbe the parent for other clel tyesp in the brain incldugino neurosn

raidl glial cells is going ot be makign nerioan dn athen glail neurons ar emade fristl

onc eneurons are fborn form the raidl glail lel shte nerosn ar ebrod a wht ado they need to do to make anerovus sytem tehy need to goet itnot mpstiona dmriaotn to theri lcoaitona dmake proier conenciont

SO onc ebrons the neruosn ened to make pget itno psoitson and

pnc eneuosn ar eborn hwat od they needd to od to mjake anerovys sutem they eed ot getinto psotino mgiration to their lcoaitona nd make priop erocnenciotn with their trarget onc enruosn ar ebron they need ot make anerovs s

get into psotionmiraitonto their locaiotn

once neruosn are bronw hat od they need to do to make aneyrovu suystem get into pstiosn gmriation to their lcoaitno and amke perio conenciotn with thtier target. pet itno pstiosn gmriation to their lcoaitnoa

so radial clels ar eoigng ot be rpofgientaor so fhtr other neruosn and galials batu the rneruosn are igong ot bcoem first so onc eneuroan ar ebotnnhteyneed to attack otthe porep tissues or aena dhtehn theeneed ot mgriaotn to their lcoaitoa

so when they get into positosn

radolc ells are souce of enruosn and they also give scaffodl fo rnewborn neruosn to miioalaogn

radila clel cells are source o fneurosnh but also provide scafofod for neurosn tomriaotn

Symtiecl diviison = thw raidl clel sone from parnte cll

asytmric one duagl tel

so whe raidl clels sareoing ogoing to be cmakgin enrysonh twher is tow things

symteicla divcisl it makes tow radil celsl

so mseytms i is it make two raidl clcial clel and sytme is it make s nauerl procuros and ht eohte ris going to be the duahter riadl glial clels.

So raigl gkaolk clel sa reoign ot be makgin thes enruosn and what hapeps is tht it is going ot hebasymteical menaing i

one neuron preocursl nad one raidla gloial

pr sytmeic where its tow rail glic la clels.

nerual preuclrs migraie laong the raidl glicl clelo shft ehey are genreae om riadl

So the enrul will come form the asymeticl and mgiraitn along hte raidl glial cell after htey are geirmaet form riadl glical lels.

so the pruspeos is going to migriaotnalogn the raigl cle slcels

S o htey are oigong or migriaotl along hte riadl glial clels. adn thea oeing ot hbe privdi eo fro saffologin

resius varie to fhntequcj to study raidl glail

resereahces have used a varitey of tehcniques to study raidl glaicl clels any ideas theis is gFO

they use GDP to

they ise ofciurs to exprieiosn GTP in targe tgell one htey use vitusses to e4xpreio gtrp sin targe cle the ye cfuse ifone afineoaw

so raidl glail clels ar eoginto tbe studyed usieng greenf soucn e clel and so what hapepnws is hta theya re going ot make precoeu neruona dn other and htes hte ruc. sisi gingo t use

clikm the raidl glial clel sna dhtis soging ot allow it to gmigyrioan and we can sival isueoign grren fepiafon a

so layer os nerosn of the Cerbal corec from in an inside out matnnte

rhte layer o hf cberal coris from. sofmro the insit eo the otusid ena dit form es fromt he depesltaeyr pa to the top

the crea coteiex is ogin got form in an inside out manner

the eeperl alyer from firs topt layer form last

deeper layer form firs and otp layer from last delvoepmenrimgjriaotn fhtrough deperalyer to the erahc top layer

deperalyf rom firs tna dotp layer the neruosnc otien

the cebral xie siorinto ot ofmr n in and insid eout mamenr m

neuon vha eo ocnnec

to sht encberal coutr iex soign og tofrmo form the deepst ayer fist and hten the top na di os its oging o form from ian isnid eout

enruson have to conenco to ttheir target to froma nerouv system

how do axons know hwer to go whentheyre are goingroing

this use cuid anc cue sna growht facotsr

neruosn are going ot use cuidanmc e gic ens growht facots ro tconencot ot heir ta geot ofmr ans. hwaonkn ow hwer togo hwe theya re oginging

tge grown now is going to be eitehr a thte otp oc abnoxno o rdnetisies na dits. area of rapid cytosketlong rem

eryoitne

the growht cone leaidn o the aoxn to is endieno r the dnerites. neurite is a rwoign exiteno form enruonnuroon can growht ig expinte ofrom neruaon can beocm deither d enri teos ro axons

neurite growin exteionfr omf rneuronc anbeocn dneit or axons

the growin cone i s aduncim sturuct eor hte top of a growin axon or dneti i its na are aof rapidc ctekstlormein in repsoine to a envioeme neruosi

so grwoth cones are going ot be remjodlign enruote sna dhtea re iogn to he iehte ra ttje aoxnor the dneirtes. the grow cone reposnde to graid eor chemcial cues.

Gwo cones

cuigcens vues bidn to spieci recotenso ont he growt caone and caun s

cseut eh cytsing remodlgn to trun towrads the aoxno r away toward or awya from the singal so ther eis attraciton and reils so the the rowyh con is going ot hba remocdlign coples and so it can either

so hen i get hte signal to its recpetos ir soign go to either repicl or go towards ite. so the cone needes reicptieso cuz iwtuhtou repcoet hte rie sno repsosnet o uces

\guidna cues bidn tp speic repco eon growht cones to caus cyfekeonr emdoto turn growing aocn towaro or twoard teh singyla withtout h rpei of hte grow cone then ther i soign to be o rpsoient o cue

a gcamp calcium idniation dye i use din the citro expierme

ca is imtrit for the isnglginivneiol in mediaitoen teh mvoemth fo the grow n ocne na dulteuthe aonc

so clisum is asoimrito in also showing use nerual aicityht ehtrought he gcamp but i tis also imprtona for isnglign invioeloing eidnmed emdi othe mvoemtn

calisum idniaton dye is used int hese in vitro experiem ca 2+ is improt of rht eisngtling oino in mediate ing the mvoemtn of the grwoht cone and itlemtly the axon.

calisumsi inptrot

calcisumj is going ot be imprit fo ringtltin the ugidne guc esto either mov e .

what kinds o ftagets ar ehtefro axns ot grwo

claiums i sogng o tlaow fo thte growth cone ot move

what kdin of targer ar ethere fro axon to grwo twoar sthe re ar eneruons and ittuse slike skin or msucle toehr neuron tisiues liek skin o sucle

othe rneuons and itsuse s

so neruosn are going ot travle long isinat cfd to find their trargets

at the pruamdil decussation this axon crose sthe mdilign from one sid oe the bodyt ot ht oethe r

this reu3ices a rsies of repclision and ttrcion alon ht epath of the goriwn axon to guid ie tsto its tage the tafge t je,cs cna sap secre gac otht apormto erowht ont eh aprio axonot them .

SO what hwatpaiens is that we are oigng o

aon coesoin thsi reuiqes a siero so for aidei oreial/attrafiongt cue alogn the path fo the gorwin axon to guid ei tto ht si target hte raget themvoslv cna secret efactso that promtoe grown ofhteappirot axon o them.

terei soign go tbe poarltuy

poalrity cna eb eusbtalkisbe dby guicnd ance guie

SEMphorin 33a is going ot an xmeo fo the a proitne that acst s a s cuitnad e

So which high mspeh 3a i tosng og ot cuas th neruons to beocm dneint ean dht ohte rside iwll be an axon.

raidl glail clel sa reoigno tg nmake neruoan dng lail in the CNS.

radial glail clel s areoing ot make glial and nerons oin the CNS an in tht epNS i tall fome osthe nerual cres cells.

what is les tleielyt tostudy the aoxn guidna cemacanim

h pathc lcamp

claousm imaign for sure cuz we wnat to see

Livn

—

what happens hwen aoxn reahc their tagvets they are going to forma. syanse

ehsy hsprpnd hrn scon trvh yhrit shyr yhry str ohnh py g tps. a snyaps e

so rmemebr hat clidusm is going ot guid eht aclisumf

so whe ahtappens hwen theyr eahcf their tae

we will discuees onf ajmfosu exmaple int eh dkrvoep PNS
h wmtoo rneurosn conenc ot the muscle s

so wonc ehtey reia cht etar gteh liek the jmsuel cells int he neruomscuel nucntion what hapepns

when moto rneuosnc arry an aciont pteointaol to thesnap sthi cause veislsc oe the ache ot bte realse so wehne mjtoer o

so when mtoor nteuosn are going to carr an coptn tpeioatn this cauzses veils tof the SCH to be realsed ach reucotne on the muscle ifber sopen

SO okie the motor neurosn carry and aciontpteiotan ot thensyaps e

they areach theri taryge tht enotorn mueroncary a diton pteiotna ot the snapsne

thei is oin ot cause vsicle of hte ach to be relase tthe ach ont he repcto ht emuscl efiber is going to make na into the msucle ifbesr

this si going to caus en epeps promtoes cle fibers ocntiroant

SO agian in the neruosmciel tionfo the moro tneruson is going ot relals eht ach in th visel it had nad soi ito

the ahc is going ot bdin to the repeo tand then na is going ot flow in and cuas emuscl fiber contiroangt

so oncei. tarrives ht the ncuemsul jsitniont mjtonro cons axons ecrete fac that get int othe msucel fiber ready to reicntg acyetl

It will also reals eother muscle facot

other fact htat get th emcsu fiber reayd to reaicont acth it helps set p the psot styapn isie

SO there jsut knwo that facto secredc ofrm the motno caxus each recetp ro to cluster andhwen theyc lsuer

So they are going ot caus ethe aach nmot aocnos

so facts ofmr thr mtor oaoxn is going ot caus the ach repcot ro tclsute rna dge it ready theroeicn

prbtel mor esyantp form duinr lveopemnt then need s othsi sigoing to lead to sutanpc pruign

tis hapepns to gaurint efucnioantlif i osemtign goes worng

sothe rneumcsuuteionthet moto ereaicnth ehmsucl it srelalsed sach and hta i cua sena dhte rar eother foacot is that is oging ot caus hte ach firepcot or o scustelr

mor ntyap form udin lep than need theis is goig ot reuslt ofrm syntapic prungina nd the psoisbtel reoanigns guarntees funciotn if osmetitng eos wrong reudncay gruantees funcionlity if osmething goes wrong sytnapic prunging reudncut guarnatees fuunciaotnaly ti fosmehign goes wrong

ysntaic prungin whay do u think thi smgiht hapen eruenico

synaoprung/selnieo at hte nrueomsucl tieo

AChetyholin repcot ea tht eath

S tehre is going

Msucle fiter reinc

overl tiem only one impt ofrm one ptue rneruosn remsond per ofine

rif the aofn eht I

so what is going to happens

So tnsuap sutnap firnign

suyantps eitno ath eneuromsulion jsucnotm msucel fiber sreicne ptinput form many moto rneuson at firs ovne ritme only oen ipteh pr moteor is one intput epr emot muscl fiber

if hte aicity o fh tenMJ is bcloekd iwth a tao xtha tintht hte acheytlfin repco the snaps eo ht oe sreio will bre eleimtneaed

so a frist we are going to hav emutlitpe mtor neuron per msucl eifbers

over lapign ocneinc

voe ritme only one mtop te rneruosn per msucle fiber

a;tpigj muscle fiens can econnected ot mutleip mouscle fibers.

which shyanpse iwnts input two

sp ove ritme the acehteytl repceot dneis is going to decrease between two aned hte other one is going ot increase so the aicigyte beocm storngin thewinign snatup sen ov eorit eliek 203 weeks

formaigno of hte cns snayps ep

so at the so atht ePNS the ris oigng ahcetlo aigne a

sntyapcm ocmept and puttien also happen sint eh CNS

formaiton fo the CNS syatnps e

pritono f a dnedite connects axon tis led ot veiscl eriem vino the prensytpm ic psotne ym

so the filtpuids the dendite spin si goint o make ocnanc tiwht the acon this contnao lesds ot evielsc preosm on the rpeisntisid e the psoitnei mneurom reipc oe form a clsuter

syantpic denisyte decars ethroug diferen ata din oadlebiesn in adul the syantpic neitsit y decause in di far ein aodlin synat hta t are not ocmpetona re cmoend/

Syantpo cprigin in cn

Mcinturl glia. are invoedl in sbatpa that

mICntiel ar einvoeld in rmeoos usnaot hta tare nito sififenc ely used

SO int eh CNS the mcirbglia is going roe more some stapm and int eh PNS it si the jsut hte psytmnp urneitng

So int eh CNs i i the mieto athat is going ot rmoe vsome snytao

what dmetien what erneurons suvie tropic suspptro

fSo what dpemtoe shw taiwnt in the CNs is ithte mcite that ar eoging oto lcnedao ff het sntuap ci that are weka ant eh torpucc suprto form target s

tropic facot ors ofmr tarfge cels ar eimrpot to toem ahw ta tenocnenciont cnueroslvie or dies

so trovpi craf cot mor tagegetsslls ar eimprtin intemient whether conenction cneuorsn liv eo rid e

tropci factso form taget clel are imtproitm itnr

Mos nteuron are bron

oer neruons ar ebron than nneeded , and osme otnes hta tdont make turng aredign

trpci fac tmoclesut tha tmprotem ceislf o a clels.

wha are osm eirmprtira wyat hte NS change shtrough leangina mermeoy a form of pslityt

so nthe NS change through leranign and memroey liek the sutpid add snaol.

the ns change wthroug learnign and meroey so lets like hte palsia this is. a good model befcause it ahve a few nerosnint eh Ns and bgi aceisl so the nails is simepla dn giant swui acno was bdi agna ciesl so the suqi cuz it saoxns are bignad acied ad the aplsu necua ht en is simeple

Snails are simpel and aeslba dn suiqds adgong to be bgi and acesibel

Cetina in heaio i soging o tbe used to elarning

So alpus has withdar reil hwen the isphroe is going ot be throguh the gils are widhtoan

Sp whe we tuoughthesin hte

So when teh siphre gets thouht eh gisl widhtawn into the body.

aspus si goign ot hav eproeicito eiwll diwth relc eso whent eh sopre os troigh it so goign to wint i the body

htsi si a neuron cirue

a two neuronc itrn that wa sused sot sitismpel elanring and meroeuy

So the palsys is going ot helps is wt leanring and meormey

OS noermally when the isporenis ogint ches

what hapepns it ithat it will elas eglaumat e to the mtoe orneuosna nd tha ti soign go caus ete gill to withdarw

so wha hapepns i tha thwen we touvh the sipe gluamat ei soign got rela to the moto enuoand then the gilis going or withrasw

but onwe we incer ahst eimstual the lguam i ti soing decrea sent ehen the mtoe rneurosn is going to so wha hapepns is ht at

the lagiuam tie is going ot decer ans thsi is gaubatul it siingorin non threnaign sitmulini envoemnet

But i f we were to touch the siphen b eua csi tahtbati e

with a toucn int hte tial hte siernognis going ot relase and tha tis oging ot incre glaim and inc reathe jmote rnerions and icnre gill weithdraw compared to normal. thshoc tiwl sneitsize hte ffec twhen a tial show the soneg nerons coneo tthe til tha tics einc ieraigealnd form t

idnvial mtooe rneuon can ocnnec tot mutleiple msucl fiber sin ammatuer aniamls =

snuaytpicpsuteing hapaens in the cns and the psn.

what owudl be the effec ot rfrmetont hte inptru fomr the isphteon ensoeuroner

what woudl be the effec ot ereov the inteptur of thr iphren ensuerneuron tonte hgillw itrdharl relcec

what woudl be the effect of removing thte intput form the ispresneosur enreon the wgillo withdrwa relcax.

WUAT OUWLD BE THE EFFEC OT REMOBNIT HTE INPTRU FORM THISPHRE NSNEORY ENRUON ON THE GIL WITRHDAWL RELEX

if u remove the puntpe ufrm the it iwll inhtien gil iwthr alw

= woudl woudl be hte effec ot reovint hte inptu for th isohren soerneron ofht efilw eihdra relfgul inhitbs gilw iehtgdaw.

senizing alead ot an incre apseon and btiatne

What i shte mykaign cell tyep of the CNS ogldionceyt are going ot be the mtyelating cnetlra neurosu sycmte

odligorn dyc si soging ot meutle in the CNS. wat woudl hte effec of hte dmagne o the l she abde

affec to demtueating on meutaono naciotn oteonta is going ot lead ot eMS

So the effec ot dmeyalting on meyton on aciotn pteoitna propagiaognt hapepns ihn desase like MS

dange to meytoin due to autmimm attack on MS
so

so if we were temyfeioan it is going oteliek temuslutosc ie

so dmange of jmduetalion muteon onaicont petiona preiont hapepns in deases liek toe MS

the effec ot deutaltino on meuyoo on acitn petoian is going ot ht MS

what cells can eb mcobeiled ot preotoe rmeuaotieno the odliren preocut clels o slets say that hte

let ssayw that the rei smaido tht eodltuei metyal dn so tuhsi si going ot lead ot mutleipls cieloss and what is goig or remotue rmeutal the pofleion pruspcue clels.

pldironcye precusure clel smcobeilzie folwoign injeut to bcoem olduoten and preotne the odlrieong preuc clel si goign ot preote ormeyatieon

however remtualtion in

howeove remutaltin iMS is icmpelt eveind ie indiate that inmfioatne eingvoem intihtsoeludinc preuc clels is going ot remoe thet mylin tha tis oging ot creat MS>

oldruiengye perucure sl ofneat folwign inryt ot beocm oeedlyte and poerm temreyaltion

hwoevoer mreuytin in MS is cimeptle

Remietl in MS isi nvoel beca the ivmoa tenovrm stop the Olfios preuctelso form beoemc intejmatuel ofdyteo So in MS there i soging

Howeov ermeutl in MS is imcpetm evien dinati that inroma envorm intihtsi odlitoen preuct clel form cfome tiune altyaotn iotel

so one thepru itr i to get byt emoding neutal aotine o

So what hapepnsi the in MS ther ie soign go thbe udmyeta aonx sna in or doe thyetem ther ei doign to be odlgitond ey remytlatinp reiucodrluite pcue sll th ai sogin go tbel but beuca shte ire ismpingorm ait si going ot sotp the odltion from beovm meyration a so its not congoig ot be comeptlse. ther a retea traget of rmS to get olciotgn peric ot ermeoigtnoa fmeoa

what abo sut roin injeuty firs what wer osm eo fht eucniotn in aiotri nehrom sot ocndiotn neruoms reyt ‘reutgla itone tna tsyhtaonw

what a out sitrn injunte hfi what wer wosm eo fht eiufniocn osturin eoms tii cocndieotn nteuom reutp ta’reuatl and neitoanat nsiuotem airton a reiong ot be ther eoir eo fieoa f

SO in ogldiongm iero the ris oaging to tehiaoj tha tops t tofgr abfi etue is tha th is igiotn otmfeo om and tha nte itoentao aroi eog ot eb in the CNs na dhtis is going ot sotp

Aosint oa reoigno gt be in BB and help with reutpiamd metiuaomnaj ditogea a tnsuaps e

asoturc ebeomc reaiocnt volflwing injtuesoi n what tehcins isued tie aul finaiocn ri4mtihesitnornciemf

GFAPis gene xpired by aostyes

Asotrune vbeoms acitien flolwoin ijty

sotyes ar eiogng ot incr eamine fialtna dblo odmatie ainef

So when ingrjuat haoepns the ariton e agoing ot help reiap the BBB and form scares

and oamfu inflamto rey spitne

so astrocues are ogin to teh in the BBN and repial im fand pmte imfalt eorus

ptier cel sint eh CNs that helsp iwth imiure rpeisn it eh MIcurbeglai mciota a reht ehotoes t

so ther ei smiitel othe imcit ei soging o te tihe impsie clel foc the cns. and ithsi si going ot be for injeut hysantp

rmerbe tha tht emjcibtei is fof rystnapci prunging teh jmdcibteis gofr hs

the jmcitbeni sofr suytapnci. pruengin athe jmcfitneisl fortno anthye cncitn inht eh CDNs a dit siongo g ot be for infeprua dnt eh aisotur es a rehte re to rent eht ehBBB.

the mcitbne hav eopter rimmifntieonf o hte ifue tan efhteu are oging ot e fo rbrain gioen sths

tyepci and tupcin in hfeoma is forn auel ystnpa ifne and te htyepcia fieniotne itneidaswe is going ot hte imcuen clel foeiatdrbeist na dnetiofena

trparoi ssue

rmeetetja tneiaofn ifnist hte CN sarpeomtgtpt ne Peri cnad netheocal cells .

wha so t5ro f injrufe or can affec hte CNS neuroan oi shte rpeuand ehtoenalc le ocn tehpe it sogino gtbe BT=

what so rto fneinc cna affec hte CNs ntueofan the peria nd the teioal ci it soigno g the trmainrian inckei thta twspiognt ogt tiemfpeiamw foiand termeiniarle the roiefor thejrowms rpoejs and the rfeifjeiwamcinte

nrufela iuntis flwotgin teh tubu

mifena nruel rieon preitmeinfa iogieon is all going oti itethe tTBi

nrueoovial sdmean canr eiust in perihcaisl reintel snca lea do tdmeitnia othe BB als ooccurin natular aocitn ehte vioeal

Neurosnvial dman cna reusl tromf periv bausl fe prelr can lea dot edmient

with age hte BBis frebeon and odnw the is is the dmkient the nueofal cnadma it edu et3hte prnafiuela fueajprebalm cna lea edot emient a

neuovnaintein

pericyes are going to be part o fhte neruvoisl unit o fhte CNs

then there i sendithial clel sthat ar eoig to make up fo what aoes tir incjuets cna affec the cNS anuerlaifen

Inkcut to the neucskac umt eht incielc the Peircutes the endhtoial clel si goign to inkepc theCNS euvlaus sstem

THe cvusl acidla anc aalso frome cna lea do tdmeitan the BB breakdonw cal alsl ococur int atil giang

How do d do the cell tine tpNS repsond eo injcut

this going machrpahge

what ar esome PNS clel type stha tmaye contirbtue to nerve regneiraoint CShwannc ells imune clel isn neruov e

What ar ehte clel hta tocintienut ot econtiront ein teh NERve in tehPNS this si goign tio icntley the schwanl cell icmune ve

schwa

Schwan c lel, immune cell in neve, fibrbals sbloc clels , Schwan cle, immuewn clel sin tneves, fibroblaks and bloo velsle, when. ijcut ot the schwan clel take pale ont eh they are going ot be faly

when ther ei sincjut ot the PNS ther ie soign go th ebe shcwan cellt hat ateak oen repait ehtwot ehps

acmirha ran direoa clena up dpeand the repi acells help axons regont on their tar

amcrophase and reoign to help reiap the schwna fuel safioenaf enag ean

THe rpeia shcwna clel help aoxn reugpa teo ther9i garge follwign

Wht macopt esha ar eogin go lfcne and ant heschwann cells ar eoging ot

so there is sc nwn cle that are

so the macrohase are ogin go tlcena u[ debrisn and the schwa3 cells ar eoign go trepai and regro the axons

repaire swan clel sare goingt aot ehelp repow the aoxn but utint he CNS ther ei sno grwo reionag hte aoxn sther is goring o tbe the mcaithap s tha tar eiogn to the;

int he CNs ther i sno acon regenrieo3atn

Nerves are omcpexl tiisue with sve calle tyeps many necsuar fo rreionga oreino

The fibrosmeu tmehscne the shacn cel lthe and the mcachpesha sne the bldoo veslsle s are oging ot hel pwith riengioawnt

cmirfglai ar enoat going ot partake in remyatlion cirotl that is for odligorn cyes n

lololol

mdoalular dieiwsng o the NModual desing of NS

the modual desing of NS

the mdouela rideon of heNS baiscm iaoren of leik qiusiotn oc rieons dn

the dmoarlyd edisong othe NS baisc impatir ov flie the auiw of rheiosn dnesnadn rpeoisn

iaof ioea fireaon dne and rpeiroen foirnd ine reosha dn reio

dnes. reouscne andrpeitonea ducniot

modueles of a amamilair nreouv sysmte

htuepth absla naglaio rieoicl tand psina’

The htytpehtsi. sis go theomsosyt abasla gnail is aicont sleicon

the R and ir premotoer patterin ]

the hteypathal msu heomsotia the vasl agnalgia the aciotn sleciton

the hteytpaha mus the heomsis tahte basla gnaigf ia sht eaicont slei te and psint hte prome athnte aprpalis is the sneiosnr ehte mdoelt fhteh

The hteypthteo Hosmeostsi sthyep tha shyh hytpthalmsu hoemsoist ai the htepthama is sheio basla gnala icont selceiton hetypathamsueoins is an gha

tht ehytepahtms is for hosmeo. sis hte htyatpht hebasla ngal is aciton sleicotn the hyteptha is heoms si t he hsypthamsusi sheomsit i htehyspthhta is hteomjs thet e

Hytphta heoms is

basla ngaiul is aciotn sleicon basl nagl ia sitn aciotn sleicn hte bnasl angal ia is hte aicont sleicont the basal gnaglia is the aciton selciton basal nagalia is he aicont sleicnot the basal gnalgi is the aciotn sleiciotn thebasla gnaglia is the aciont sleciotn thebasal ganglia is the aciont sleicont htebasl agnaglaia is ht eaicon sleicno hte basal gnaglai is ithe aciotn spectiot

the basal gangalia is the aciont sleciont the basal gangalia is the aciont sleicon thte rfand psinal ciaotn the ispremo toe rpore aotna p

Hyetha bals anaicont

htueptah asl is aicont sleion reiog and is ni hte preomto rpater

inteeldigcne did not emermge on one ath neithd di the NS

tiete did ntp

THe neoeus sutme eolvie tuel and idnelte

the nvueos msitel antie itndle

gaspodus witha mdoaurl zied NS

gastropods have amodularized nerovus sytem the gastropodds ave a mdoalurlized nerogvu sytem the gastropods have a mdolaurlzi ednvoeus sutem

the gastorpodusc ha ve

all u gotgta know is that gastropods have a mdouarlized ssytem

and the taht enocus sytem idleop mtulteipel sindielap

eficit lomoaiton can be relfeiud b acitivesi o fisngl eneurons

ficitiv elocomoatin can eb relfed cb ya ciitv ies of sin gnueroan ficits lcoamtionc ab relfieioined by acitis o

focotn locaiton can be refelc by aciives o fsingle

intelvine id nto noemie tion path and nith id hte NS

atropods iwth a mdolarulz e NS

fiic tlcoamtion can be relfed cby acitiv eos singl enuerons fivi elocam

fivie ;cpatopm

fivci vlocamtion cab ebe rlefue dby acitov os single neruosn fiic elocaint cna eh relfied by aciitn of single nreuon ficie lcoamtions cba

s ficiti lovmation like wlaking cab be done bu a sigle neruons.

neurl cituciotru fo rloacioatn and mfeeding

a single neuron can reufel ficit lcomation liek wlakign

Pleurobranchar is the model in havoior and norus sytem and lapsh is for mermoeand leangin

and uqii ai big and cie is tsgiant axon

pKeurobranchawe as model in haveior na dnous sutem

a simpel model fro contor of thr utn by eximtiaotn stat eo fhte ffeting mot or]

eay om o tmin whdn u think o fhsito ry oneruosn peopel think fpoeple or expierme t

when wa sht etemr neruosn cei firs tused not until 1962.

1962 in 196w iw hen the temr neurosn was ifs tused

in whdn u dthi ppl divos teh the prian wa intro t fr tae

1962 iw ehent ht ewor nieo

in ealry year ancietn

inn ancei tegep ha sosm ekowlg eo f brain the gru and usl i noted in sugal payte sur genoted changes in ave aft erhea dou]

in eanciet egy p ther ewas the dioscv ero the b rain sulig an

d gry in the papryus and in he dowund change of behavips rin anicoe teit e

in acniet egyp they diosvered hte the beahveio arn the intelatoinge

teh suli and i n thegyri

andicvne tgree the goo dan dhtebadthe good tehera ar elvaim tha tnaotmis herpiathil had awanre

herophills the goo dna dhte bad

herephsil there are claism that naotmid herphili ha dawarenes of nerves as seprate from other tisieus

waas awanre of neurl imp awa \\\

oh so herphil in ancietn creeves knew hta thet enrves are sper atfrom tissues

so the heructie and had awanre of neruvse as sperat romf tf

so her ucltps had awnar eof nervs a sper aform othre tiisues waas alsp arpeam awar eo feural impuelssi and difeioren eigon so the brain and that ht eban wa shte sea of itellect the rbainw ais the tsle of itnelct

htere herp knew tha tht ebessel and the istuse were diffrent ent of neurls na dhta hte rbein breina reiog na dhta tht ebrainwas dif reiognof brain and mengi

and tha tht ebrain was was the seat of iltlen and that arpepently wawy roe fid

was pparenlty awayre of idicnirne between motor na dsensor y nerops

was aprenly waysw or ediffences betwenmotgo ran dsensoryenrves motent

wa sparnely awya o fht eerain wa sht eseat o fintenlne gewas paren of idiffnecne tbween mot orna dnsneoru vne

the bas was accurs of perofmro viviseciotn on humansinte

was accurs of epreinc vivieciotn on human subjtescts

viiseciotn on human subjects

viv iseciotns are testong on lvie human subjects

vivi seciots is live test on human subjec ts

vivi seciotn on human jsutubt ehter are lgian tha tnaomsiehrephsil had awanre nesso nreves as spera rom othe hteisi swas prnelay wa re oneruls inpsuesl was sawa roe fiddfineor o fht ebarin an was parnelya wayr eht etbeiran was the sea fo itnllec was penrealha wu of idifnc ebtewentmeo rna dnsnoesyneves.

herphsiliis form ancietne grect

naimale le citr elcint sin the nvus sytesm

dmoent that frog lgegs ocul dbe tmsitl to ov ehwn eposed o toeleitne

lguidi galvani dmeitnao thta log fe rmosnve ifwh ethoguht aht nainla alel es ict was di form emtal

volta

not coorec tcolta belvin ther was no intein animla ellecit rufludi

so lguiiud likes the eac torfm and he foutoatu th eat tenamal beig eleicn tr

ancient 3gree the herohphils htere ar elcaoms tha tnaoms herpe nw asn

ancien grenfhe

lutui leik geo sna hd eaws the oen who divo the aniale lcintr but glaci n sai edno

votla said no

by the end o the 19th secrneyt

golgi develop stain wone a a

the gpldoi d;evope sotna tha we situe

cmailo golgi wont the ogli sitn the silve rsitn beuca si etgave us clean vislizon o f neyrons the ogldi stian vuage us cleiangio of neruons of hte oglgi

the oglid sitn gave us lena ivlatiu o ht eneruosn te olfi stina ga ce a clenaiveoa fo thearm

Ramon and cajal used oglgi stina to stila na dustm an neurons

the oglis stian was silve rbraised na edlalwos us to eivlai the neruons and then cala and rmain use di to tvial an dsutyd many enrieo fo the ns

ramdona dn cajal love ogli stains

ramd and cajal lvoe dosi sitna ehtey wer abel to stina other neusoal pathways

OCnneom ics

ramo and jacla di dnot love colgi veiw

golgi sai tht hte neurons ar eoneiot ot eacohte by cysamsi na d cakal

so gogli thotugh thta neurons wer all connecte dna rma y cala us eht eoglis sitna s to visual neuron pathways ot prove th athte neruosn all dintiepnyf rom eacoho tehr.

veini n suprt o fhte xisitne c of ysnapse s

oring o fhte wor dsynatp sephul charl ten

phfeila charle sherin ocnoclted htet erer msut eb a gpa between ernuosn of the itm dleh betw esine

wanted to find. a word fo rarmy cal dees of nerovys itrla

snyapse o

charles make the wor senstap se

charles dicos re hte workd syatnp schalr esherieng syetnap the charle sytneaw sytnas. charle sser syanps esherao

charles shering cam eup iwth the work syantp beycas ieh go tht ashit form ram y caja; so it goe ligu abnd oclt a

an d thej theogl ir mao and hte cherl sherig ing

\the wto tyep of syenoa we idiscua elrain teht einwe ereelcintr and chemcial so tehlecina dfme ial

charl esliten

charles ehroing snaps e

charle sheuronteia

eiveno fo rhte chemi neutaomisison divo eo fh echemi neutoram isoocurs in tehPNS sys tebfeo the rbain evieon fo rhecmieal neuroms itewhow was idi voe

cheic aneurosmjitsiosn divo ers oo fhcmei ahfieoa ocfcursi teh NS beof the brain
so hcemi is int eh PNS

came ofroom pshiou and chaor studioe o teh autnosmc i

cam fro pshaio and aprhaocsytid os the aitna cmistue osys tewas the autnao soie sute

cam eofrm the pschualiga na deioa suyut do fhe tuatnoa NS

cam eofr the shycala nd gueo sut od thfe autnoa si

OS envo hte o fht echem icnuerosn. mtiso was isdong int eh PNS

b bCma for the pshcail ang oeharo colus toe fhe tautona ii

of hte autnao ic sneurosyv sthe antuao is aciton,

thea tuntao ic what is the usnaot novu s ystme

came ofmo rand to the aiofne aom os liek teacing mcovien lookging

sypath i saciotn parpa i s res tand giesot the spar pasyt. si of hte NS is rest and ige the parnsyt nerovys is res tna dgies tystap os aciotn

let focsu ont herole of the wtoin ea

the apre ys i shte rest and est i hte aciotn ahdn thcie nfeuto oc uf isnt eupNs and cao efhr tepan of hte uatno cnio shte sm

how cemcia sytnap. w sid of

otot loewis and heryg dale

o5o lwoe

ototo lew s and huyr y dal dieivos the ernuos

pptp lpweo and emey dal; the cemcoa ustnap s

HCemic slps

OH chemcia lsuen aotot and hgry dlea OH chemjcia lsht

consid te fjyou on tha tone neru vthe vaus e cuas ehrat ratto slwo down hwen itmsutle d

the vuas enves cua she hear5 to rao tlsow donw whe stismtusl

OOT lowe na dhenghye dalt ehte hcejmcia trmaitison a

vausst off eivno for ystap ic chemcia trnamission - vaug st off the eivnd ofor sytnao icchamfcie lantrimaisison

vagsusstos f fenioe afeo

otot lew ocnditio a expoein of ha hfro gyhea ritn in 9121 witha. vus neve vage ner i vpare hecau sie slwso it dwn

so lootal lweo ocntidi othe epxier hso wehr eiw th a fro g vagust veo o fro shtna chem icantrio the apr ansyt e

donto heart

bagust eovienf orystap so he sitmautla g uva and reo ht elfuid ssnap ena dhte hart he added to fldui to a rfe ad anteh heart slwos down

So he geiao

vagustoof the voien fro sytap ci chemcai sl so wht

ppt wep tyugj can u expal othe rhting

mauye the subta cam fro the heart itsle fot adres stis use lwoei used pata gelt o tblock heart andic an disll foudn teh samg eeffec tso they gouth that other stuff cam eof rhte heatr as well, and os thw lweo did was used agen to lco hear taicitnyt and sitll teh

hengye dal ofudn that acyethl applciaotn mcicked hte effec ot parnaynser stin

herngy dal disov ethat achetya ppplcia mint eh effeo c otaprnayst nevststmaitl on tar

so henrgyd al so the ooto lwi si soig go towkr iwth the bafus nerve with the grona nd theat is hwo he disovoe rdht ecmei neruomstite

tepa htao geneyr deal is oging ot work the ahoeldin applciaotn omo the affec ot of theparnr nvyseon taret orngai on throguha

that vagustto was achetul so ottoo lwe use vbagtusstoof to divso the cenck snausp ethrogyh tha vust nrv and heerg dla disov ed that it was acetylcholine and that acyetholwine was presne tthrought eatuatomci snerobvys sus t

so it was divo er the aootol ewis gong to be the one tha found chemi syanse at hte vaut ner van dnher y dalei ht eone that divosred achtye coline wa sprenst throghto ut atyantio ceorsys ytesm

neruphisolgoy wer skept ic and wind ehcmei throguht

so the chemical nsyaps e w sidov e to the autnaojci cnerovys sytem chem ciancial wa sirnt

for fo relecirl sasoe

elecitrcal is going otbe trhought the elcotnr msopty what thecn that we have learn woudl alow fo rusl of hte sytanp ciclesl the elconr iso tso the bvaus nerve is gong ot be use cpfr hcemic an this si didifusion and the elctrion

Chemic i sififiosn and eleocnitr mcitso us goin og be for

what is necesry fo frnuaoa

the viel so they sa the ateleon mrisoc shwo shte visel for hcemical theys hwos the vues fo rhcmeical they showd hte vels for hcdemical they showed hte veislc eso fro chemcial elcon rmsicpe is going ot hso whte viels

what baotthe eovio fo rleictral syaos eelicn ysntpa s

what prointe s are earlly itrontro fo elxtirlc asytano the ocnnexins proeint the proitne that ar eintrpa to for elcilr syans i sconexinproitne

elecitrl nsuap tin the mamainal cns gap jsicnot connecion s aroeing ot be intrp tor fo the manail aCNS

connexion 26 was the fistpcone oxpteoitne to be in many tyeps of nerons throguh daudl tneore ytn int he 1990

s’

so wha ti sinrtpor t os the chekmcial was used in uatao na d

they is wa suspprtong hte caju and raol adn the goli si going o suprpt hte connexinmcs i

the elcitl aystoa grp aucnust oifnr o

ar eused

ocnnoexion 36 wa the fisr ocnnoe protien to be found in nauon of mamal in the 1990

s so eleicla nsyaoin theammals cn si goign to be ocnieonc 46 is wa sht eifoen to be diovnre din hte mamani l

connexin i36 is hte firs ncone pcotin to be found i tmanyt yteps of enursont rhgouh audlt kmamaiol neroby ym in the late 1990

s gap jcutno preoitne fno wa

what about the evido fro elcitr sysnaep coalgio snyaos e

gogli

golgi eleic tna chemic is the sytpid caj and orma

treamtent o fte

the sneos goalgian nerovy swith Nerve rowth facots

foudn rite levie dige e ht eneve rwohf acot sshe foudn that facto secref rom turmor poret eo frowh ofo neuron form chick esiatlenerv e growht faoc o ths eofund that facto secre form turso promteo d gorw o fhenrsuons ocnidotned pexire at eher home in a bedreoom during www

rita disvoed of nerve rowh facto temranign

so rita wa shte lady who divorerd hte nerge froht facot in turso she idvore dhta turo relvewse this nvefe growht facot

whow a suceul odledu th eion ci current snucsry for aciotn ptoeinta

So rita divoie reh tenrve frowht factor in turo s

who sucuel odle te ioni currnet scusels forht eaciotn pteoianl who cuso hwo sucue modle th eion cuurnet nuecuso fo raiconttoein

hokin anhuxlek

hodkin and HH for the ovltage clamp and the aoxn s

HH hodkian and huzlekt

hodgkins and hizled fo rhte ovlatage clamp

hodgkin and huzley for the ovlat ge clap

hodkgin and huzle fo rthe voltage clamp hodkin and huxlfonr the ovl aclmap rmeer what technique they used vola tlam p

HODKIN AND HUZEL VOLAT ECLAMP

hodkinand huxle the cion for aicon pieona

through the ovlat clamp

machain of aleniang and meor is hte allsus he choseht eiemrp teb

eric kandla na dhis aplsys worke odn meahcoa of short and long temr meroey erikc and kandla erick aknald i tha plays lenaign and meor ay erick ckandis hte aplsysi aeirkc anak ei slapahs eirc ckandis jte alsys and fhudkge and hu

in the 17tth?

i think th periand NCS>

it was that hte neruovus secre tneuros iter

Professor Xin li is gong to study differnetiaotin of neuron in flies

Patrick sweeny is going to study nerual cituritary reuglation feeding

Patricsweeny is going ot stdy feeding

Jason climer is gong to study memeory

XI lie is difinerieon ofneurons in flies

atri fcfed

and jasin climer - memory

a neuroi i just spexialied clel

comeptones of he neuron is going o thav eneuroclu, golgu, ncuelsous the golgi

the dendrite shte som the aoxn

the dendritic spines

the dendriets ha bumps spines on them the dritic branches lool like of liek tees which is what dendrit emans what ud o u think fucniotn fucniotn might be roel ins ytancp ifineitons

the drintie spinews ar eogn goign be funo

is this a neuorn yes

clel memrebs ar ebariei ehwa outsid eo fa cell what inside of a clel

is thisa neruon yes why?

wa is i necessary for neuron to beocm eacitiv e

wjat are soem cahrege ato m tah arin neruosn onc eampxle is. clelaurl rptien chated ion ions na dposive

voltage acors hte memreb of a clel at res is in teh casue of neruons wheno taciavley fire

the golat eacorss teh mermeb of a cell at rest in teh case fo a neuron

when a reions i sat ther it is more negiaontv e

what ions ar einrpot for dtierne resin merba preiotns in neurons the

SOdim claium and cl

the outsid ei soign to have claium chnroei and soidu

the ions ar einrpot fo dmteirne resing petoepna in neurons at rest ocneiont outside soidum claicum chlaoride.

what ions ar eintprotn fo dmetine resing ptieonwa in enruosn at rest more psotiv conceited oitside osidl claicum and clhoreid

which way wil doisduna dmpit snov e

at rest

elecitral cadiaon goring ofmr negati v ei tus hcmei sofroncnieotn

the elctohcmeicl gradien for soiduana dmpisotn

what happes when

when chemica nad lecil trcang cle eacohteo rout it si going ot be an aeuxioeand thsi s the no net flow mereba

hwoever resit meemrperio is not ioql the erinst mor enegaio t cuz hte for soidun it si t+60 the cle mer is pern to other ions

the clel merme is dinrelty emrpa totmutlion +60 fo soidum

K is -85 and cl is -65

nerual memr abse are teh

neruaom memebran are most permabel to pottsasim

precenc oef psostiam leak channels

eural memebrans are most peramkl to potasisum

nerl emrmabn are most perma to psotatis

rpesice o fpotassium leak channels neural memebra ar ehte most perba le to posttaum precne of lprena

so the merme is ogng ot most permabel to potssiym ebcaue of hte leak cnnels

emerb si most perbale ot potsasium but als peroabel to chrlodie and isudm ions

note man psti ve charge s ar eoigs the clelat the end

neurl emebr anme ar eh msot eprable ot potssium peb oe potstsium leak channels

membare ar emost perable to potstium bntu al pe arle to chnloride and osiudm ions

the memr is msot perbale to potssium but alsp eroabel tho s

lthe memre is the msot eprbale to potssium, then clroid e, and hte osidum

the memreis it most eprbal to K ,NA and the cl \

9nte he axmpel which ion ocnitrnmtse most ot eh emrmebapoet it si going ot be NA becua it is wha tis oging o tbe open the sjot hcnnels o the mosr echanel the more ocnitrbton itis oigng ot have.

to follow form least week anotehr exmaple of eui3ql proitneil using ptoassium ions ars an expale .

to follo wfrom laks tweke anothe exmapel fo woeiql poitrn suign ptossium ionas an exmaple

rice w bf or pasta bf

nothe xeamp of quioberiu potein using ptoassium ion as ea exmaple

to follow last week: anotehr examole of quileribeurm ptioenl using ptoasisun

anoteh exampel of quiebreium ptioentail infultrium stlka tha totrit

to follwo last weke antoeht exmapl of quiekl ptieo usign potasisum iona san epxmapel

to follow from last week: anoteh exmaple of quieobreiu ptoeintail usign pottassium ions as an exmpale naoteh xemapel of quierbe otiousignp tosision ions as an exmpale.

nenrsnt euqils is og rofiqone ptoeintao fo an exnoa oglamdna is going ot be for the quierepotienao. ofhte merm

we can use ueqielbreium piteon of an ion to demrein tis movmente witha. given memrebapiotenal

anoteh exampel of euiorane roe

soidk is going ot be imrptor tof ration ptoienta itnaiton

theshold is going ot reahc the derion voltied a

threhsodl ogoes fira na the the dsodiu chahels open

memebra boem expemrely permabela to potassium no longe perbael to soidum ions.

memebr beocm exemrelty permabelt ot potassium ion no logne rmepatnela to soidum ions

two way ifnroma c an e trmaitted acorss sytnaps elecitlr and chemical

electricithy is going ot use connexmois and make gap jucniotn emmerbanethiss oging to be fast

rmemebt tat elecitrcal sanspe is going ot allow for bdireitonal aitute

elecital syapse sallwsp fo rbdieriont al acitivyt elecitrl anshyapse allo fo rbidetaional aciitvyt elecitlr nsyapse sl allwso fo rbdientioa aicityt

and flwo ofmeislte between clel sliek atp

elciotnr snyaps is oging ot be fast and allwso for flow mf meolteus betweenc lels. aicont pateiona is a brif oe leciotn aor sht ememrab

eto teha ciotna pteoin the elcitrl ptoeintaiol is going ot be fast

aciotn pteiona a brif chang eint ejldciot ptieon acors s hte merbame the isndie of theneruosn beocm potivley chared.

elecitrl ansuap sie oging ot be fast anf reuls on flow of charfged ions allwos for sycnohtosie reoment of many neurosn

chemcial ysaps eslow riel on mero reisl

so the veusl zar eoging otbe at hte acigv soem ad when the Na s i gong otbe a the sntap ci

voaltg egated soidu

voalt egated sodiuk chanesl allof for na ifnluc nexessayr to dpeoraleiz ememrba acit vovla tgat c achannels

the ane rpaotien. areong ot to attahc the vial sot eh emrabd the sntapaon is going ot be a calidum detco and hwen calsium goe sin i ts going ot attahc hte viwls ot eh emmerbane.

most osme osn enruaoms

its is ogingv pot be amincao acei ach glu exieit gaba ad gly inihts aned usbtanc pei si going ot be sutbatu

ahce is the msot sutedye na duso ed for chemcial

fo the epxier of hte vaugs nege of hte ru and fo rmustlc neuro jcuntionsw

wha thapens ot the eitoa fienteoan it is going ot inviaot na dhte ar eaeithe goingv ot be takeu pbekac or of rdetraded

stoat or tmepoarl

sptoial si sotrngo er tham ptie and afast

one majro tye pf eorsus ystem clel is fli whic is hte altin for fo cleu glai areo igon to eb ehelpe rnad tehye arneonoeixtoie tjetiaon hapepn s ath tiepogdornyee s

oluioten meytalin cell tyep fo the centlrt anerobvus sutme

the ef foe cmtue is gong ot make these node o ranavire that are goig ot cuas e abunc of chenanl soidum channeles ot lcoalzie there. this si slat oduge tm

mytlain also cac ton istluato to rpdvne charg eloss trogh memerba. fast ogn and it si going itnsutl the mermto stop and oign go tspre anad deceras th paci aidn h temerb

asot cyes. areo gogin to tbe ther eof rleabng a an teh make p the BB and forneutor chemci exan a tht eBBB

aridl astroyces/teancyates ar eoign fo be there for humber ciubtel ar egoig ot be ther of rimunitya dn are going ot be the hto pic in neuorsn simmena dinjeuc rpesonse

eneyd is giong o tbe in the acit nad inotrp. for the CSF tha tis ogng exahcn enturaldn was inte hcbreian

nerua ival untis invltm elal thsoe and the peicya dn enthodla clels.

the majro vlei int he PNs is the schwam clel

tyesp of eschwna clel sa remuetaling onr nonmtuealtin tmerin shwna cells at eneutocscniotn

TH epns and cns tirnat the reacna be btohte mor enad snoe neruoan int eh cna dn psn what tyep fo moto ris most sliek tis oging ot be mto tneurons.

bdules of aaxon ar eneves

nev esitis and tisieu aneed blod psully so theya re oging o tbe al tied

maproghaps int eh PNS ar eoign got bthe immcune clel

the the re is mebcyal and blo vle that play a roele in nerv enreiong son

elelcptrhioslogythe sutyd of eleiclr aicit of fclels -

nau seelcotr to reco d ofrm neutosn elocie the sutyd ot heelcit aici te the cdiel volat cali siogn ot oemaus rhet eions at a particual colga te, ion icn gvoalt eits oging o thodl it is it sloa going ot fiue out the thrshodl cna use to et hetyapbaotu what ion ic ncute aireot of aicont petison andwhe theses ucnre are dpeo fo olf

hod kina dhyzel is oginoto be the one tha tmake the volta geclap hodkisn and hnulz ijmaek the ovlat agelc ahdhodkin and uzle is going o tbe the ones hta tmad ehte volat avlap hodkisna nd huzelt

the ideal epxeiremal psie co o study teha citn patei si the uqi becua sit is big an axessibel the idela epxie to studteh ion ptoein is ghe gian esuqi of hte aonc o fhte uiq the idela epei eso to tys he aoitn it shte iso tehualz hne iaf is ogi tbe teo theones that mad ethe colta gclamp so hwo to dtes it

the ovlta gelcpai si gong tbte using referna dnre cionf an hte ifn ei soign go eb the emembapeoa nd thenw e are oigng ot se a. die sothe foi hjksjj

if w eodnt knwo the thesisl we a eoign ot find i thwt ithe oval stpa nd if we thin the ionic curne ssa sovla tie dpeina thsis iinrpt ao f ormaion ioninc current

pach clis io goi gbe reocn the cle cunrneiton tiooin channels the icunre throguh inoi chan EGEG is oig ogbetneo and slep LFP is ogig o tbe ivnaicise

hwo to ciaizl e tiisue thsi soging o tbe through seitnaing amicneuitlsna we ar eoging o thte o the oglis tian by the man golis and thsi si ivle base dn awsnt pocpe nt uet hte armoa ndcaun too teha tna dwa sb ale to sitna of rmor eandmap moe pamsp ans teh golgi tourghg tha ll hte nuerson we rovnnec at trhoug abrend and tehe ramd and cajusis ia no that hee is ogig ot deint eabtu ehteyd o iente icn btunto htrough troughcing

nsile sitan is ogin go invoel crye lviosn det e

ome hfis tomei i goig ot ivaluss ei itis na we s enta it to sing appmcifaiconthwo do ow eobt eh stur co the NS a thagi mfianicoant na reuls eleonc itro a’struc o the Ns at high mienoa fna ierls eleocn rioms o

we ar eoing o obet eh sturcu toe hte NS

we obos etis o tne nfo ss ta thig maifna ndiroenostuon

elejc i si goig ot lalwo sus ot slon a aoxn aother sutro foe neruosn. anocneocmo si soing ot o allow su to budila. ampa pfo alnteoanco inoten

conneotmsi sio goig ot bethe mapisng o fall nerul coneot ne

we osbe wher enusong o ign the ns throguht racing and itracing we aoifn go tousieithe r

tract raicgin antierne

trac traicng aneiroana dn reiont anieo rai sitrnai s oging o t us e

no pinaple-

tracing tracing and enrie griaon gna fieona trace cna be lfoiuscneo fcna ecombesind iwth iminost to visale neruosn - mreulsi in thsiocneonct

newer traicn tenicuses virus to ivalz emtuelsitpl conneicont leik viurs can tralv hte nsuaps e

17+22

neweisotn ehtencia gneietlengued cital cieo tsot ialaic neuralcitusios tot o

what i a dmjeolaro engiaond

floisune tpeorinte -

can us elfeoucne peorinte greenf lsoucne pteoian tagge dot a gnene in speici fneuson for sleicitne vualzianiogn

genetic engiendeer to sue flsoucne peroins expssed in cell tep of itneirsn tbgipacmaoisn odligond in mot ro cot coine ts

calcium

GcAmp - = Gcamp engeire dneitel enocid claicum indiatior

ca2+ idniaiton bdindin don ebneede to meozing this

in v itor clel culture allwos for -

in vitro cedll culture dallwso fo rcullarula renivoem et

in vitro clel cultured allwos for inviesotn ofcuelar eivneomten outsid oe the orniagma llwos of maitneil on on cuel tyep meaus how clel spreint o du gmeuetn cna cile cna pfut clel to have est

glia can be isled ofrm brina and isfei f\

the to imvaine

the vnosus is fomed ofro one tje gemtr layed of hteemrbyo - ectodmer

bootom images are cross secito ofhte otp image.

know the three part dont need ot knwo all the dietla of what part o the brain they cbeoms.

forme dmie brainid

forebe amdibrain and hinbrain

formebriamdibrain and hindbrain

forebrian mdibreain and dinrerbain

PSN forms form neutal cres thecl e the psn s

onc enros ar ebroend what do they need to to amek a neroyvs stem systsme .

raidl glial cellss re souc eof enuson butel aso ptriavoc eote soclf fo newborn

getting into pstisonL neurl mgiraotin riald glail clels are souc eof neruosn al srpovi esocllf fo rneurosborn enro to mriaot laong sytms i si gofa igla ns umst s one

nerual proocs mgiriaotn alogn riald glai clel safte the

insid oeut 3flocuenus eivurs to epxeir eGDP in taae clel itmp la smeicteop in deovpe rbain tituse

hte nrsuo na hv eo tonc oto teh rtarg eotu cuianc eu sna forwh faco ts

neuri g rowin teoxxi ote fmor neurosn

the grow cone rpeosn ot rian of hcemical guina cue’singal

attraciton guanc athe facts and hte lcisu ther ea re rpco toen the cones and theya re moerontaneurons ar eign ot obeom dnier so raoxns s

]Csum inidoan due o to

campa s aroeng o be closid idnaot gap msp is al ciudms idniotn

neruso sometiesm travle ongisinac e ofid their targe

at he puram idduesiion thsi acon the sone ifo gui dpreiao and itona is oivn ot allwo to it ot ugid i etio the its rage

the atreg hsem cneor fioa nd proit o fht peaio

wha happens whe axo reahc their taget

form a syanpse what hapepns when axon reach their taret form a syanpse =

what happens when aoxn reach theri targe form a shans e

awht ahpens when aoxn reahc htei rtagets a form o f a suanps e.

moe rnuos onci othe or gon omuslucla fjsiotn ahce cholis i

s ruealna dhte

anotehr sig and hey ar eogin to clsuter

mor eusnas e ofr durin dkeitpo ethat needed what hapepns as a reusl tstynati ci prutnel

more ysnas eofrm durin gdkeopte than needed what ahpepns as a reuslt stanpci repgnging

mreo sanps eform durin dleopmente than ened what hapepns as a rusl te- suantpci preunging

waht tite

proel reudnuanc uranrtees ufnciotn if something groe mos ysf ordion htan nened wha thapens a s aurels tsytanpt ion

\yso io dieoanc eithroug are oaon tieo tin audlsnc et

syant uc pruebign in CNS - rema3merbw hwich gailc lel tyep is heaivlty invole dmcitbeio - can remvoe syanps ehta are no suffinetly used

synapti cprungin the CNS - rmner which glaicl cells i \

mcirbutlgil cna rem vsyneoa tha tar enot beign suuflently used ysntoa reifnement

sytnain the CNS mcirgulia

what dmiern what a enruos su v etropcu suorpt

teh expierm eo fh telsug thsi si going toebe hte onetha tis ofmr oamen alenriang and hte ar eism pw adn thesio oifna ofiea ofbaibia snientsiziigno

mylating clel typ e

230/4

what i shte myatlion cel tyep fo cneotral neruosn

wa to shte mtueal io cle tepf nte CNS te cnion

wha ra reosme PNS cell tyeps hta tmau contri eut o neve regneiaorn

scan imuen cels in nve

perhpe nev einjury schwann cells tka eon a rpeai phenotyep

scan wclel what is their nroema lfunciot in nerve mutaltion axon uspprto periap

scnfw clel tkae on rpeita pehtnoeysp

macothep aare parie schanwcel sclena u pdire folwiog injruty - repaire shcwan clel help axon regwoard to their taret cooflewoiclena u dberisn

dont meamoruz eall thes estpe s but u sthoudl reonvo htat cells that PNS renogi z are absne tin CNS

dont emroie all these

neves are compexl tissues nd sevel cell stuyep sow

soudl kwno the cyel tyeps orein inteno vbeira sca nclel sne an mbldo vl emnay celslytep sa reoinvoel d

1962

the earl year saxinetnt exygp t

axneite etype tsion

the early year ancient egyp the ancie ehtepha doms kenow of hbrains the gry and usli

noted in sugial

the aciet egyptsion s the gru and usli

\—

eleonr miopte ywha tenicoe wh

the ocnex 26 wa shte fis to tbhe ifneioteh int amtieal nfhosu stuyems

what ar eoms key clel tueps in the NCS

atrocytes

neyrmodulatos are trnamitters that afvfect how ysnpasoe sna dnueoron fucniotn

nueronmodlutlatos are trnamitters that affect how synpase and neruosn fucniotn.

firs lt socnisde rhe conetp of nueromoduluation - neuromodualtors are tramitters that affects how snyapse sand nheurons furniotn

Nuerodmulatos ar emtriattferes tha taffec thwo snyaose and neursonf ucntion.

nueromodulators are tramitters that affect hwonsyase snadneruosn fucniton.

common nueromodulats incldue neurotramittrs sucha s domaina sioneroing norepeitn[phrine

the concep roe neruomdoualtions

neruoflmaitl are trmaitter that affec thow syanpse and nerusonf ucniton

COmomgno neruos are neruomtittesr liek doampane serointona nd norepeitnephre

domain sieorn and nore peirne ore nuroemd oia o riemt tha ffec htwo snausp en sneruosn ficniotn

nfieomfeial are odmapinse ns eiroe and hteya re aogint go effec thwo snuasp eneuroens fucniotn

astrocytes how recnetly been found. to be citil for neruomdolatuons

asptuces have recnelty been found to be ciritl fo rneuromfiels \\\

astoruces have been foudn ot be citrul fo rneruomdiealt e

neruomduatlor bind ot g prointe oudpl recpe tneuromduatl bdin tneuroemidla bdint o tgrp orteio ciel dh

neiramdio ar eoin go be the oens that eiorna inpa cn jfo ethe prsunta pan doacmocn eowan dmoennroe pen aioed thyeu reino fouigpe ore

thsi laid ina nd inc eian caosl and atp relain it eto syts apt is ocnvo ed to andio swhich on aq ton epreonay stmeirne p]]]]]

berendl bidn ot trp idno couel dthis thi smake ca2+ iicnr eand atp relase into sytnapc cle gatp i conved to ansneosn

this lead icnr ea

this lead to increas in ca2+ and atp realse sinto snytapcn clec theislead ot inceas eit ca and atp reals eint osytnao

neuormeidona reoiang ot bdint he ot he goguep coiren aoirne an thti siog ing otin cae ca2_ and atp relase into to teh and the atp onceo. to snaidona dn that acno n on a1 prepnc oteht epreshysteo onnyerons this reusl tinc rease of sytaoci cyeslo relals e

thsi lead to increase in cfa2_ and atp realse into styanpci clef tpa i conoved eto andoen and this acont oan s1 roepc ot ehr eao and this irel in deonc othe sntyap viel srlel

nrieomdio ar eiogn otbdint o teh g couepld thsi si going toe relase ca and atp . atp beomc oandioen an this aocnt ona a1 reponc on rpesutno ethsis oging ot bac ont aq reionao teh repna nd thies in dinfieo a feyat oenia o

apte os voen to andieona dn whci aocna otn a1 preopnco othe preucni mteirn of nerios this ruelt in crieoan so the sytap vuels rela se

messen CAMp also ceinte in asotru whiwhc hels make aotne moso nt

tere w er ethre stuid esht atlea do that sotrn ya[la reol in meitoe o fshtenwo s

frui zeba nad bmie

fri flaies zbe ana mcie

zbera sutdi ed the effec to this pehtoen using larvla simeign

mcituel cna u thin of ways the stumciteglia in suapc rmeodnge

recieo tivne for suid esodn tie mcieiwtout init ha aireo aint rof orint alsytose in the brian

hoppocoampaul neurosn seem to hav enormal dneitni spiens iwthotu migrual