Developmental Stages & Late Adolescence

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Human Development

• Continuous process of change; spans physical, cognitive, social, emotional growth.
• People are always in a state of $growth$ or $decline$ ⇒ constant $change$.

Erikson – Psychosocial Development

• Lifespan model with $8$ sequential stages.
• Each stage = central psychosocial crisis; successful resolution ⇒ healthy personality.
• Classroom vignette (Emma vs. Jake) shows success vs. difficulty in the Industry vs. Inferiority stage.

Havighurst – Developmental Tasks

• Development is continuous across the lifespan; movement from one stage to the next.
• Each stage presents developmental tasks; success ⇒ happiness & social approval, failure ⇒ unhappiness & disapproval.
• Bio-psycho-social model: tasks shaped by biology, personal values/goals, culture/society.

Kohlberg – Moral Development

• Moral reasoning progresses through $3$ levels, $6$ total stages.
• Movement is toward increasingly complex, abstract moral reasoning.

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Late Adolescence → Early Adulthood

• Approx. ages $18!–!25$.
• Major transitions: education, career entry, relationship formation, identity consolidation.

Key Concepts

• Physiological development: ongoing maturation; importance of healthy habits.
• Self-Concept
  • Self-Image – perception of current self.
  • Self-Worth – intrinsic value placed on self.
  • Ideal Self – desired future self.
• Well-Being: overall state of physical, emotional, social health & life satisfaction.

Protective vs. Risk Factors

• Protective Factors: positive influences buffering stress & fostering resilience.
• Risk Factors: negative influences increasing probability of adverse outcomes (mental/physical health, developmental difficulties).
• Proactive Action: purposeful steps taken to prevent problems and reinforce protective factors.