Biology of Organisms - Quiz 5 Key Notes

Gymnosperms

• Gingko trees are gymnosperms in the Phylum Ginkgophyta.

Plant Growth

• Secondary growth refers to the outward, lateral growth of stems.
• Primary growth occurs vertically.

Angiosperms vs. Gymnosperms

• Gymnosperms are more primitive than angiosperms.

Plant Classification

• Angiosperms and gymnosperms are in the same supergroup, Archaeplastida.

Plant Tissues

• The three types of plant tissues are:
  • Dermal
  • Vascular
  • Ground

Dicots

• Dicots have:
  • Branching leaf venation
  • Two cotyledons
  • Vascular tissue arranged in a ring

Primary Growth

• Apical meristems are responsible for primary growth.

Seed Plant Adaptations

• Adaptations that facilitated the success of seed plants include:
  • Reinforced structural and vascular tissues allowing them to become taller and develop more extensive, specialized root systems.
  • Pollen, which eliminates the need for water to bring sperm to egg.
  • Seeds, which have a built-in food supply and, in the case of angiosperms, fruit for seed dispersal.

Angiosperm Classification

• Angiosperms are part of:
  • Domain Eukarya
  • Supergroup Archaeplastida
  • Kingdom Plantae

Vascular Tissue

• Types of vascular tissue and their functions:
  • Xylem: Transports water and minerals from roots to shoots.
  • Phloem: Transports sugars and other organic materials from sugar sources (e.g., sites of photosynthesis or sugar-storing roots and fruits) to sugar sinks (e.g., actively growing parts of plants).

Greenhouse Plants (Bonus)

• Examples of plants seen in the greenhouse and their unique adaptations:
  • Pitcher plant: Evolved digestive pitchers to compensate for low-nutrient soil.
  • Whisk fern: Spores for reproduction.
  • "Mother of thousands" succulent: Self-propagating.
  • Staghorn fern: An epiphyte.
  • Cactus: Spines to deter herbivory and tissues for limited water access.